hybridized orbital

简明释义

杂化轨道

英英释义

例句

1.Each carbon atom in diamond uses hybridized orbital to form four equivalent bonds.

钻石中的每个碳原子使用杂化轨道形成四个等效的键。

2.In chemistry, the concept of hybridized orbital is crucial for understanding molecular geometry.

在化学中，杂化轨道的概念对于理解分子几何形状至关重要。

3.The hybridized orbital model helps explain the bonding in methane (CH4).

杂化轨道模型有助于解释甲烷（CH4）中的键合。

4.The sp3 hybridized orbital results in a tetrahedral shape in molecules like water.

sp3 杂化轨道导致水等分子呈现四面体形状。

5.Understanding hybridized orbital can simplify the prediction of molecular shapes.

理解杂化轨道可以简化对分子形状的预测。

作文

In the realm of chemistry, the concept of hybridized orbital plays a crucial role in understanding molecular geometry and bonding. To grasp the significance of hybridized orbital, one must first comprehend the basics of atomic structure and electron configuration. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons that occupy various energy levels or orbitals. These orbitals are categorized into s, p, d, and f types, each with distinct shapes and orientations. However, when atoms bond to form molecules, their atomic orbitals can mix or 'hybridize' to create new orbitals that are more conducive to bonding. This process is known as hybridization.Hybridization occurs when atomic orbitals combine to form hybridized orbitals that have different energies and shapes compared to the original orbitals. For example, when carbon forms four bonds in methane (CH₄), its 2s and three 2p orbitals hybridize to create four equivalent hybridized orbitals known as sp³ orbitals. These sp³ orbitals arrange themselves in a tetrahedral geometry, allowing for optimal distance between the bonded hydrogen atoms, thus minimizing repulsion and stabilizing the molecule.There are several types of hybridization, including sp, sp², and sp³, each corresponding to the number of atomic orbitals that combine. In sp hybridization, one s and one p orbital mix to form two equivalent sp orbitals, which are oriented 180 degrees apart, resulting in a linear shape. This type of hybridization is commonly seen in molecules like acetylene (C₂H₂). On the other hand, sp² hybridization involves one s and two p orbitals combining to create three sp² orbitals arranged in a trigonal planar fashion, as seen in ethylene (C₂H₄).Understanding hybridized orbitals is essential for predicting the behavior of molecules during chemical reactions. The geometry of the hybridized orbitals determines the angles between bonds, influencing the overall shape of the molecule. For instance, the tetrahedral arrangement of sp³ hybridized orbitals in methane results in bond angles of approximately 109.5 degrees, while the trigonal planar arrangement in sp² hybridized molecules leads to bond angles of around 120 degrees.Moreover, the concept of hybridized orbitals extends beyond carbon-based compounds. It is applicable to various elements in the periodic table, enabling chemists to understand the bonding patterns in a wide array of substances. For example, in transition metals, d orbitals can also participate in hybridization, leading to complex geometries in coordination compounds.In conclusion, the study of hybridized orbitals provides invaluable insights into the nature of chemical bonding and molecular structure. By recognizing how atomic orbitals combine to form hybridized orbitals, chemists can predict molecular shapes, bond angles, and reactivity patterns. This understanding not only enriches our knowledge of chemistry but also enhances our ability to design and synthesize new compounds with desired properties. As we continue to explore the intricacies of atomic interactions, the concept of hybridized orbital remains a fundamental pillar in the field of chemistry, bridging the gap between atomic theory and practical applications in science and industry.

在化学领域，杂化轨道的概念在理解分子几何形状和键合中发挥着至关重要的作用。要掌握杂化轨道的重要性，首先必须理解原子结构和电子排布的基础知识。原子由一个核和围绕其周围的电子组成，这些电子占据不同的能级或轨道。这些轨道分为s、p、d和f类型，每种都有不同的形状和方向。然而，当原子结合形成分子时，它们的原子轨道可以混合或“杂化”，以创建更有利于键合的新轨道。这个过程被称为杂化。杂化发生在原子轨道结合形成杂化轨道时，这些轨道的能量和形状与原始轨道不同。例如，当碳在甲烷（CH₄）中形成四个键时，其2s和三个2p轨道杂化形成四个等效的杂化轨道，称为sp³轨道。这些sp³轨道以四面体几何形状排列，允许与氢原子之间的最佳距离，从而最小化排斥力并稳定分子。杂化有几种类型，包括sp、sp²和sp³，每种类型对应于结合的原子轨道数量。在sp杂化中，一个s轨道和一个p轨道混合形成两个等效的sp轨道，这些轨道的方向相隔180度，形成线性形状。这种杂化类型通常出现在乙炔（C₂H₂）等分子中。另一方面，sp²杂化涉及一个s轨道和两个p轨道结合，形成三个以三角平面方式排列的sp²轨道，如在乙烯（C₂H₄）中所见。理解杂化轨道对于预测分子在化学反应中的行为至关重要。杂化轨道的几何形状决定了键之间的角度，从而影响分子的整体形状。例如，甲烷中sp³杂化轨道的四面体排列导致大约109.5度的键角，而sp²杂化分子的三角平面排列则导致大约120度的键角。此外，杂化轨道的概念超越了基于碳的化合物。它适用于周期表中的各种元素，使化学家能够理解广泛物质中的键合模式。例如，在过渡金属中，d轨道也可以参与杂化，导致配位化合物中的复杂几何形状。总之，研究杂化轨道为我们提供了对化学键合和分子结构本质的宝贵见解。通过认识到原子轨道如何结合形成杂化轨道，化学家可以预测分子形状、键角和反应模式。这种理解不仅丰富了我们对化学的知识，还增强了我们设计和合成具有所需特性的新的化合物的能力。随着我们继续探索原子相互作用的复杂性，杂化轨道的概念仍然是化学领域的一个基本支柱，架起了原子理论与科学和工业实践应用之间的桥梁。