glycolytic pathway

简明释义

糖酵解途径

英英释义

例句

1.During intense exercise, the body relies heavily on the glycolytic pathway (糖酵解途径) to produce ATP quickly.

在剧烈运动期间，身体主要依靠糖酵解途径（glycolytic pathway）快速产生ATP。

2.In cancer cells, the glycolytic pathway (糖酵解途径) is often upregulated to meet high energy demands.

在癌细胞中，糖酵解途径（glycolytic pathway）通常被上调以满足高能量需求。

3.Understanding the glycolytic pathway (糖酵解途径) is crucial for developing new metabolic therapies.

理解糖酵解途径（glycolytic pathway）对开发新的代谢疗法至关重要。

4.The first step in the glycolytic pathway (糖酵解途径) involves the phosphorylation of glucose.

在糖酵解途径（glycolytic pathway）的第一步中，葡萄糖被磷酸化。

5.The glycolytic pathway (糖酵解途径) converts glucose into pyruvate, generating small amounts of energy.

在糖酵解途径（glycolytic pathway）中，葡萄糖被转化为丙酮酸，同时生成少量能量。

作文

The human body is a complex system that relies on various biochemical pathways to produce energy and maintain homeostasis. One of the most critical pathways in cellular metabolism is the glycolytic pathway, which plays a pivotal role in converting glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy in the form of ATP in the process. Understanding the glycolytic pathway is essential for comprehending how cells generate energy under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.The glycolytic pathway consists of a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm of the cell. This pathway can be divided into two main phases: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase. In the energy investment phase, two molecules of ATP are consumed to phosphorylate glucose, making it more reactive. This step is crucial because it helps to trap glucose within the cell and prepares it for further breakdown.Once glucose is phosphorylated, it undergoes several transformations through a series of enzymatic reactions. These reactions ultimately lead to the production of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which is then converted into pyruvate during the energy payoff phase. During this phase, four molecules of ATP are produced, resulting in a net gain of two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose, as two were initially used in the investment phase.In addition to ATP, the glycolytic pathway also generates NADH, a crucial electron carrier that plays a significant role in cellular respiration. Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate produced can enter the mitochondria and undergo further oxidation via the citric acid cycle, leading to the production of even more ATP. However, under anaerobic conditions, such as during intense exercise, pyruvate is converted into lactate, allowing for continued ATP production despite the lack of oxygen.The regulation of the glycolytic pathway is tightly controlled by various factors, including the availability of substrates and the energy needs of the cell. Key enzymes, such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, act as regulatory points within the pathway. For instance, phosphofructokinase is often considered the 'gatekeeper' of glycolysis, as its activity is influenced by the levels of ATP and AMP in the cell. When ATP levels are high, the enzyme is inhibited, slowing down the pathway; conversely, when AMP levels rise, indicating low energy availability, the enzyme is activated, promoting glycolysis.Understanding the glycolytic pathway has far-reaching implications in fields such as medicine and sports science. For example, cancer cells often exhibit increased glycolytic activity, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect, which allows them to thrive in low-oxygen environments. Additionally, athletes may train their bodies to optimize the glycolytic pathway to enhance performance during high-intensity activities.In conclusion, the glycolytic pathway is an essential metabolic pathway that enables cells to convert glucose into usable energy efficiently. Its intricate regulation and adaptability to different conditions underscore its importance in both normal physiology and pathological states. A deeper understanding of this pathway not only provides insights into cellular metabolism but also opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions in various diseases.

人体是一个复杂的系统，依赖于各种生化途径来产生能量并维持内稳态。其中，糖酵解途径在细胞代谢中起着至关重要的作用，它将葡萄糖转化为丙酮酸，同时释放出ATP形式的能量。理解糖酵解途径对于理解细胞如何在有氧和无氧条件下产生能量至关重要。糖酵解途径由一系列酶促反应组成，这些反应发生在细胞的细胞质中。该途径可以分为两个主要阶段：能量投资阶段和能量回报阶段。在能量投资阶段，消耗两个ATP分子来磷酸化葡萄糖，使其更具反应性。这一步骤至关重要，因为它有助于将葡萄糖捕获在细胞内，并为进一步分解做好准备。一旦葡萄糖被磷酸化，就会通过一系列酶促反应经历几次转化。这些反应最终导致甘油醛-3-磷酸（G3P）的生成，随后在能量回报阶段转化为丙酮酸。在这一阶段，产生四个ATP分子，从而使每个葡萄糖分子的净增益为两个ATP分子，因为初始阶段消耗了两个。除了ATP，糖酵解途径还生成NADH，这是一种关键的电子载体，在细胞呼吸中发挥重要作用。在有氧条件下，生成的丙酮酸可以进入线粒体，并通过柠檬酸循环进一步氧化，产生更多的ATP。然而，在无氧条件下，例如在剧烈运动期间，丙酮酸被转化为乳酸，从而允许在缺氧的情况下继续产生ATP。糖酵解途径的调节受到多种因素的严格控制，包括底物的可用性和细胞的能量需求。关键酶，如己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶，充当途径中的调节点。例如，磷酸果糖激酶通常被认为是糖酵解的“守门人”，因为其活性受细胞内ATP和AMP水平的影响。当ATP水平高时，该酶被抑制，从而减缓途径；相反，当AMP水平上升，表明能量供应不足时，该酶被激活，促进糖酵解。理解糖酵解途径在医学和运动科学等领域具有深远的意义。例如，癌细胞通常表现出增加的糖酵解活性，这种现象称为瓦尔堡效应，使它们能够在低氧环境中生存。此外，运动员可能会训练他们的身体以优化糖酵解途径，以增强在高强度活动中的表现。总之，糖酵解途径是一个重要的代谢途径，使细胞能够有效地将葡萄糖转化为可用的能量。其复杂的调节机制和对不同条件的适应能力突显了它在正常生理和病理状态中的重要性。深入理解这一途径不仅提供了对细胞代谢的洞察，还为各种疾病的治疗干预开辟了新的途径。