electron transport system

简明释义

电子传递体系

英英释义

例句

1.The process of cellular respiration involves the electron transport system, which is crucial for ATP production.

细胞呼吸过程涉及到电子传递系统，这是ATP生产的关键。

2.Disruptions in the electron transport system can lead to various metabolic disorders.

电子传递系统的干扰可能导致各种代谢疾病。

3.In mitochondria, the electron transport system plays a vital role in energy metabolism.

在线粒体中，电子传递系统在能量代谢中发挥着重要作用。

4.Researchers are studying how the electron transport system affects aging and longevity.

研究人员正在研究电子传递系统如何影响衰老和长寿。

5.The electron transport system is essential for the production of reactive oxygen species.

电子传递系统对于活性氧种的产生至关重要。

作文

The process of cellular respiration is essential for the survival of many organisms, as it allows them to convert nutrients into energy. One of the critical components of this process is the electron transport system, which plays a vital role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. The electron transport system is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. It consists of a series of protein complexes and mobile electron carriers that work together to transfer electrons derived from nutrients.During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, producing electron carriers such as NADH and FADH2. These carriers then donate their electrons to the electron transport system, initiating a series of redox reactions. As electrons move through the various complexes of the electron transport system, they lose energy, which is used to pump protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. This creates a proton gradient across the membrane, known as the proton motive force.The accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space generates potential energy, which is harnessed by ATP synthase, an enzyme that synthesizes ATP. When protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, the energy released drives the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate into ATP. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation and is the primary method by which ATP is generated in aerobic organisms.In addition to ATP production, the electron transport system also plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of redox reactions within the cell. By accepting electrons from NADH and FADH2, the electron transport system helps regenerate these electron carriers, allowing them to participate in further metabolic processes. Furthermore, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system is typically oxygen, which combines with electrons and protons to form water. This reaction is essential for the continuation of the entire respiratory process, as it prevents the backup of electrons within the system.However, the electron transport system is not without its challenges. Under certain conditions, such as low oxygen availability, the system can become less efficient, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These highly reactive molecules can cause oxidative damage to cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. To counteract this, cells have developed various antioxidant mechanisms to neutralize ROS and protect against cellular damage.In conclusion, the electron transport system is a fundamental component of cellular respiration, essential for ATP production and the maintenance of redox balance within the cell. Understanding the intricacies of this system provides insight into how cells generate energy and respond to metabolic challenges. As research continues to uncover the complexities of the electron transport system, it will undoubtedly lead to advancements in our understanding of cellular metabolism and its implications for health and disease.

细胞呼吸的过程对许多生物的生存至关重要，因为它使它们能够将营养物质转化为能量。这个过程的一个关键组成部分是电子传递系统，它在腺苷三磷酸（ATP）的生产中发挥着重要作用，ATP是细胞的能量货币。电子传递系统位于真核细胞的线粒体内膜和原核细胞的质膜中。它由一系列蛋白质复合体和可移动的电子载体组成，这些成分协同工作，将来自营养物质的电子转移。在细胞呼吸过程中，葡萄糖通过糖酵解和柠檬酸循环被分解，产生电子载体如NADH和FADH2。这些载体随后将电子捐赠给电子传递系统，启动一系列氧化还原反应。当电子通过电子传递系统的各个复合体移动时，它们会失去能量，这些能量用于将质子（H+）从线粒体基质泵送到膜间隙。这在膜上形成了一个质子梯度，称为质子动力势。质子在膜间隙的积累产生了潜在的能量，这种能量被ATP合成酶利用，ATP合成酶是一种合成ATP的酶。当质子通过ATP合成酶流回线粒体基质时，释放的能量驱动腺苷二磷酸（ADP）和无机磷酸盐转化为ATP。这个过程被称为氧化磷酸化，是有氧生物生成ATP的主要方法。除了ATP生产外，电子传递系统在维持细胞内氧化还原反应的平衡方面也发挥着重要作用。通过从NADH和FADH2接受电子，电子传递系统帮助再生这些电子载体，使它们能够参与进一步的代谢过程。此外，电子传递系统中的最终电子受体通常是氧，氧与电子和质子结合形成水。这个反应对于整个呼吸过程的持续进行至关重要，因为它防止了系统内电子的积压。然而，电子传递系统并非没有挑战。在某些条件下，例如氧气供应不足，系统可能变得效率降低，导致活性氧物种（ROS）的产生。这些高度反应性的分子可能会对细胞成分造成氧化损伤，包括DNA、蛋白质和脂质。为了应对这一问题，细胞已经发展出各种抗氧化机制，以中和ROS并保护细胞免受损伤。总之，电子传递系统是细胞呼吸的基本组成部分，对于ATP的生产和细胞内氧化还原平衡的维持至关重要。理解这个系统的复杂性可以深入了解细胞如何产生能量以及如何应对代谢挑战。随着研究不断揭示电子传递系统的复杂性，毫无疑问这将推动我们对细胞代谢及其对健康和疾病影响的理解的进步。