addition reaction

简明释义

加成反应

英英释义

例句

1.During an addition reaction 加成反应, the reactants typically lose some of their original characteristics.

在加成反应 addition reaction 中，反应物通常会失去一些原有的特性。

2.In organic chemistry, an addition reaction 加成反应 occurs when two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule.

在有机化学中，加成反应 addition reaction 是指两个或多个分子结合形成一个更大分子的过程。

3.The formation of alcohols from alkenes via acid-catalyzed hydration is another type of addition reaction 加成反应.

通过酸催化水合作用从烯烃形成醇是另一种类型的加成反应 addition reaction。

4.Understanding addition reactions 加成反应 is crucial for predicting the outcomes of many synthetic processes.

理解加成反应 addition reactions 对于预测许多合成过程的结果至关重要。

5.The hydrogenation of alkenes is a common example of an addition reaction 加成反应 where hydrogen is added across the double bond.

烯烃的氢化是一个常见的加成反应 addition reaction，其中氢被添加到双键上。

作文

The study of organic chemistry often introduces students to various types of chemical reactions. One of the most fascinating and essential types is the addition reaction. In an addition reaction, two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule, resulting in an increase in molecular complexity. This type of reaction is particularly important in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and natural products.To better understand the significance of addition reactions, let us consider their role in the formation of alkanes from alkenes. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms. When an alkene undergoes an addition reaction with hydrogen, for example, it converts into an alkane, which is a saturated hydrocarbon. This reaction is known as hydrogenation and is widely used in the food industry to convert liquid vegetable oils into solid fats, such as margarine.Another common example of an addition reaction is the reaction between alkenes and halogens. When an alkene reacts with bromine, for instance, the double bond opens up, allowing the bromine atoms to add across the carbon atoms. This results in the formation of a dibrominated compound. Such reactions are crucial in organic synthesis, as they provide pathways to create more complex molecules that can be further modified to produce desired products.Moreover, addition reactions are not limited to simple hydrocarbons. They also play a vital role in the polymerization process, where small monomer units combine to form large polymer chains. For example, the production of polyethylene, a widely used plastic, involves the addition reaction of ethylene monomers. This reaction leads to the formation of long chains of polyethylene, which have unique properties suitable for various applications, from packaging materials to household items.In addition to their practical applications, addition reactions also have significant implications in biological systems. Many biochemical processes involve addition reactions, such as the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids. These reactions are essential for the growth and maintenance of living organisms. For instance, during the metabolism of carbohydrates, the body may utilize addition reactions to convert simple sugars into more complex carbohydrates, enabling energy storage and utilization.Understanding addition reactions requires a grasp of the underlying mechanisms involved. Typically, these reactions can be categorized into two types: electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reactions. Electrophilic addition reactions occur when an electrophile attacks a nucleophile, resulting in the formation of a new bond. Conversely, nucleophilic addition reactions involve a nucleophile attacking an electrophile, leading to similar outcomes. Each type of reaction has its own set of rules and characteristics, which chemists must consider when predicting reaction outcomes.In conclusion, addition reactions are fundamental to both organic chemistry and various industrial applications. Their ability to create larger and more complex molecules makes them invaluable in the synthesis of everyday materials and biological compounds. By studying addition reactions, we gain insight into the intricate processes that govern chemical interactions and the development of new technologies. As we continue to explore the world of chemistry, it becomes increasingly clear that addition reactions will remain a cornerstone of our understanding and application of chemical science.

有机化学的研究常常向学生介绍各种类型的化学反应。其中一种最吸引人且至关重要的类型是加成反应。在加成反应中，两个或多个分子结合形成一个更大的分子，从而导致分子复杂性的增加。这种反应在合成各种有机化合物时尤其重要，包括塑料、药品和天然产物。 为了更好地理解加成反应的重要性，让我们考虑它们在烯烃转化为烷烃过程中的作用。烯烃是含有至少一个碳原子之间双键的烃。当烯烃与氢发生加成反应时，例如，它转化为烷烃，这是一种饱和烃。这种反应被称为氢化，在食品工业中广泛使用，将液态植物油转化为固态脂肪，如人造黄油。 另一个常见的加成反应示例是烯烃与卤素之间的反应。例如，当烯烃与溴反应时，双键打开，使溴原子能够在碳原子之间加入。这导致形成二溴化合物。这类反应在有机合成中至关重要，因为它们提供了创造更复杂分子的途径，这些分子可以进一步修改以生产所需的产品。 此外，加成反应不仅限于简单的烃。它们在聚合过程中的作用也至关重要，小单体单位结合形成大型聚合物链。例如，聚乙烯的生产涉及乙烯单体的加成反应。这种反应导致形成长链的聚乙烯，具有适合各种应用的独特性质，从包装材料到家居用品。 除了实际应用外，加成反应在生物系统中也具有重要意义。许多生化过程涉及加成反应，例如脂肪酸和氨基酸的合成。这些反应对于生物体的生长和维持至关重要。例如，在碳水化合物的代谢过程中，身体可能利用加成反应将简单糖转化为更复杂的碳水化合物，从而实现能量储存和利用。 理解加成反应需要掌握其中涉及的基本机制。通常，这些反应可以分为两种类型：亲电加成反应和亲核加成反应。亲电加成反应发生在亲电试剂攻击亲核试剂时，导致新键的形成。相反，亲核加成反应涉及亲核试剂攻击亲电试剂，导致类似的结果。每种类型的反应都有其自身的一套规则和特征，化学家必须在预测反应结果时考虑这些因素。 总之，加成反应是有机化学和各种工业应用的基础。它们创造更大、更复杂分子的能力使它们在日常材料和生物化合物的合成中不可或缺。通过研究加成反应，我们深入了解支配化学相互作用和新技术发展的复杂过程。随着我们继续探索化学世界，越来越清楚的是，加成反应将始终是我们理解和应用化学科学的基石。