nuclear charge

简明释义

核电荷

英英释义

例句

1.The nuclear charge of an atom is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.

一个原子的核电荷由其原子核中的质子数决定。

2.As you move across a period in the periodic table, the nuclear charge increases, leading to stronger attraction between electrons and the nucleus.

当你在周期表中横向移动时，核电荷增加，导致电子与原子核之间的吸引力增强。

3.The effective nuclear charge experienced by an electron can be less than the actual nuclear charge due to electron shielding.

由于电子屏蔽，电子所经历的有效核电荷可能小于实际的核电荷。

4.The concept of nuclear charge helps explain trends in atomic size across the periodic table.

核电荷的概念有助于解释周期表中原子大小的趋势。

5.In multi-electron atoms, the calculation of nuclear charge must take into account the repulsion between electrons.

在多电子原子中，核电荷的计算必须考虑电子之间的排斥作用。

作文

The concept of nuclear charge is fundamental in understanding the behavior of atoms and their electrons. In simple terms, nuclear charge refers to the total positive charge of the nucleus, which is primarily due to the presence of protons. This charge plays a crucial role in determining how strongly the electrons are held by the nucleus and thus influences the overall properties of an element.To elaborate further, the nuclear charge is essential for explaining atomic structure. Each element on the periodic table has a unique number of protons in its nucleus, which defines its atomic number. For instance, hydrogen has one proton and therefore a nuclear charge of +1, while carbon, with six protons, has a nuclear charge of +6. This increase in nuclear charge directly correlates with the ability of an atom to attract electrons, as the positive charge from the protons pulls negatively charged electrons closer to the nucleus.However, it is important to consider that the effect of nuclear charge is not solely determined by the number of protons. The arrangement of electrons also plays a significant role. Electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus, and those in inner shells can shield the outer electrons from the full effect of the nuclear charge. This phenomenon is known as electron shielding or screening. For example, in larger atoms, even though the nuclear charge increases with more protons, the outer electrons experience a reduced effective nuclear charge due to the repulsion and shielding effects of inner electrons.The concept of effective nuclear charge (Z_eff) emerges from this discussion. Z_eff is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. It can be calculated by subtracting the shielding effect from the actual nuclear charge. Understanding Z_eff helps explain various chemical properties, such as ionization energy and electronegativity. For instance, elements with a high effective nuclear charge tend to hold onto their electrons more tightly, making them less likely to lose electrons and thus more electronegative.In conclusion, the nuclear charge is a critical concept in atomic theory that influences the behavior and properties of elements. By understanding both the nuclear charge itself and the effects of electron shielding, we can better grasp why elements behave the way they do in chemical reactions. As we continue to study atomic and molecular interactions, the significance of nuclear charge will remain a central theme in chemistry and physics, helping us unlock the mysteries of matter at the most fundamental level.

核电荷的概念在理解原子及其电子的行为中至关重要。简单来说，核电荷指的是原子核的总正电荷，主要是由于质子的存在。这种电荷在决定电子被原子核吸引的强度方面发挥着关键作用，因此影响元素的整体性质。进一步阐述，核电荷对于解释原子结构至关重要。周期表中的每个元素在其原子核中都有独特数量的质子，这定义了其原子序数。例如，氢有一个质子，因此其核电荷为+1，而碳则有六个质子，其核电荷为+6。这种核电荷的增加直接与原子吸引电子的能力相关，因为质子产生的正电荷将带负电的电子拉向原子核。然而，重要的是要考虑到，核电荷的影响不仅仅取决于质子的数量。电子的排布也起着重要作用。电子围绕原子核排列在不同的壳层中，内层电子可以屏蔽外层电子，使其无法完全感受到核电荷的影响。这种现象被称为电子屏蔽或屏蔽效应。例如，在较大的原子中，尽管随着质子数量的增加，核电荷也在增加，但由于内层电子的排斥和屏蔽效应，外层电子体验到的有效核电荷却减少了。有效核电荷（Z_eff）的概念由此出现。Z_eff是多电子原子中电子所经历的净正电荷。它可以通过从实际的核电荷中减去屏蔽效应来计算。理解Z_eff有助于解释各种化学性质，例如电离能和电负性。例如，具有高有效核电荷的元素往往更紧密地吸附其电子，使其不易失去电子，从而更具电负性。总之，核电荷是原子理论中的一个关键概念，影响元素的行为和性质。通过理解核电荷本身以及电子屏蔽的影响，我们可以更好地理解元素在化学反应中的表现。随着我们继续研究原子和分子之间的相互作用，核电荷的重要性将始终是化学和物理学中的一个中心主题，帮助我们揭示物质在最基本层面的奥秘。