effective atomic charge

简明释义

有效原子电荷

英英释义

例句

1.Calculating the effective atomic charge allows chemists to predict the strength of ionic bonds.

计算有效原子电荷使化学家能够预测离子键的强度。

2.In organic chemistry, understanding the effective atomic charge can help explain the polarity of molecules.

在有机化学中，理解有效原子电荷可以帮助解释分子的极性。

3.The concept of effective atomic charge is crucial in predicting the reactivity of elements in chemical reactions.

概念有效原子电荷在预测化学反应中元素的反应性时至关重要。

4.The effective atomic charge of a transition metal can influence its ability to form complexes.

过渡金属的有效原子电荷可以影响其形成配合物的能力。

5.The effective atomic charge is often used to rationalize trends in ionization energy across the periodic table.

在周期表中，有效原子电荷通常用于合理化电离能的趋势。

作文

The concept of effective atomic charge is fundamental in the field of chemistry, particularly when examining the behavior of atoms and their interactions with other particles. In essence, the effective atomic charge refers to the net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom due to the presence of other electrons and the nucleus. This charge is not simply the total nuclear charge, which is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus, but rather a modified value that accounts for the shielding effect of inner electrons. To understand this concept better, we can consider the example of a sodium atom. Sodium has eleven protons in its nucleus, giving it a total nuclear charge of +11. However, the outermost electron in sodium does not experience the full strength of this charge because it is shielded by the ten inner electrons. The effective atomic charge felt by the outer electron is therefore less than +11, as the inner electrons repel it and reduce the overall attractive force from the nucleus. This phenomenon is crucial in determining how atoms bond with one another and the overall reactivity of the element.The significance of the effective atomic charge extends beyond individual atoms; it also plays a critical role in understanding molecular interactions. When atoms come together to form molecules, the effective atomic charge influences the distribution of electrons within the molecule, which in turn affects the molecule's polarity, solubility, and reactivity. For instance, in a water molecule, the difference in effective atomic charge between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen atoms leads to a polar covalent bond. This polarity is responsible for many of water's unique properties, such as its high surface tension and its ability to dissolve numerous substances.Moreover, the effective atomic charge is integral to the concept of electronegativity, which describes an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons. Atoms with a higher effective atomic charge tend to have greater electronegativity, making them more likely to attract electrons when forming chemical bonds. This relationship is essential in predicting the behavior of elements in chemical reactions and understanding the nature of various compounds.In summary, the effective atomic charge is a crucial concept in chemistry that helps explain the interactions between atoms and the resulting molecular behavior. By taking into account the shielding effects of inner electrons and the net positive charge experienced by outer electrons, scientists can better understand the properties of elements and their compounds. This understanding not only enhances our knowledge of fundamental chemistry but also has practical applications in fields such as materials science, biochemistry, and pharmacology. As we continue to explore the complexities of atomic interactions, the role of the effective atomic charge will remain a key focus of research and discovery.

“有效原子电荷”这一概念在化学领域中是基础性的，特别是在研究原子的行为及其与其他粒子的相互作用时。简单来说，“有效原子电荷”指的是由于其他电子和原子核的存在，电子在原子中所经历的净正电荷。这个电荷不仅仅是由原子核中质子数量决定的总核电荷，而是一个经过修正的值，考虑了内层电子的屏蔽效应。为了更好地理解这个概念，我们可以考虑钠原子的例子。钠的原子核中有11个质子，使其总核电荷为+11。然而，钠的最外层电子并没有感受到这个电荷的全部强度，因为它被10个内层电子所屏蔽。因此，最外层电子所感受到的“有效原子电荷”小于+11，因为内层电子对其产生排斥，从而减少了来自原子核的整体吸引力。这一现象对于确定原子如何相互结合以及元素的整体反应性至关重要。“有效原子电荷”的重要性不仅限于单个原子；它在理解分子间相互作用时也起着关键作用。当原子结合形成分子时，“有效原子电荷”影响分子内电子的分布，这又影响分子的极性、溶解性和反应性。例如，在水分子中，氧原子与氢原子之间的“有效原子电荷”差异导致了极性共价键的形成。这种极性是水许多独特性质的原因，如其高表面张力和溶解多种物质的能力。此外，“有效原子电荷”在电负性概念中也是不可或缺的，电负性描述了原子吸引和保持电子的能力。具有较高“有效原子电荷”的原子往往具有更高的电负性，使其在形成化学键时更容易吸引电子。这一关系对于预测元素在化学反应中的行为以及理解各种化合物的性质至关重要。总之，“有效原子电荷”是化学中的一个关键概念，有助于解释原子之间的相互作用及其导致的分子行为。通过考虑内层电子的屏蔽效应和外层电子所经历的净正电荷，科学家们能够更好地理解元素及其化合物的性质。这种理解不仅增强了我们对基础化学的认识，还有助于材料科学、生物化学和药理学等领域的实际应用。随着我们继续探索原子相互作用的复杂性，“有效原子电荷”的作用将始终是研究和发现的重点。