counterions

简明释义

英[ˈkaʊntəraɪənz]美[ˈkaʊntərˌaɪənz]

n. 抗衡离子（counterion 的复数）

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.The distribution of counterions with oscillatory decay form is derived.

最终我们得到了一个振荡衰减形式的反离子分布。

2.Since these negatively-charged particles (called ions) help keep the positively-charged resin in solution, they are sometimes referred to as counterions.

由于这些带负电的粒子(称离子)使带正电的树脂保持在溶液中，它们有时被叫做平衡离子。

3.Since these negatively-charged particles (called ions) help keep the positively-charged resin in solution, they are sometimes referred to as counterions.

由于这些带负电的粒子(称离子)使带正电的树脂保持在溶液中，它们有时被叫做平衡离子。

4.They used a special polymer, a different sort of charged particles known as counterions and solvents such as methanol.

他们采用了一种特殊的聚合物，一种被称为反离子的不同类型的带电粒子和溶剂(如甲醇)。

5.The size and density of ionic clusters depended on the different metal counterions.

离子簇的大小和密度受金属反离子的影响。

6.The result is a double-layer distribution of charges-for example, a plane of negative heads and an adjacent diffuse cloud of positive counterions.

这就产生了电荷的一种双层结构分布——比如说一个负电荷的平面和紧邻着弥散着的带正电的相对离子云。

7.By neutralization, a series of ionomers with different proportions of ions and different metal counterions were prepared.

通过中和反应制备出具有不同离子含量和不同金属反离子的系列离聚体。

8.When salts dissolve in water, they dissociate into cations and counterions 反离子 that help conduct electricity.

当盐溶解在水中时，它们会解离成阳离子和反离子 反离子，帮助导电。

9.The stability of a colloidal solution can be influenced by the type of counterions 反离子 present in the medium.

胶体溶液的稳定性可能会受到介质中存在的反离子 反离子类型的影响。

10.In ionic compounds, the presence of counterions 反离子 helps to balance the charge of the main ions.

在离子化合物中，反离子 反离子的存在有助于平衡主要离子的电荷。

11.In drug formulation, the choice of counterions 反离子 can affect the drug's bioavailability.

在药物制剂中，反离子 反离子的选择可以影响药物的生物利用度。

12.The interaction between proteins and counterions 反离子 can significantly affect their solubility.

蛋白质与反离子 反离子之间的相互作用可以显著影响它们的溶解度。

作文

In the world of chemistry, the term counterions refers to ions that accompany charged species in a solution, balancing their charge. Understanding the role of counterions is crucial for various applications, including drug formulation, electrochemistry, and biological systems. For instance, when a salt dissolves in water, it dissociates into its constituent ions. The positive ions, or cations, will attract negative counterions, which are typically anions in the solution. This interaction is vital for maintaining electrical neutrality in the system. The significance of counterions extends beyond mere charge balance. In biological systems, counterions play a pivotal role in stabilizing macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. These molecules often carry a net charge due to the presence of functional groups that can donate or accept protons. The surrounding counterions help shield these charges, preventing unwanted interactions that could lead to aggregation or precipitation. For example, in the case of DNA, the negatively charged phosphate backbone is stabilized by positively charged counterions such as sodium or potassium ions. This stabilization is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the DNA double helix, enabling it to perform its biological functions effectively.Moreover, counterions are also important in the field of drug delivery. Many pharmaceutical compounds are ionic in nature, and their effectiveness can be influenced by the presence of counterions. When formulating medications, scientists must consider how counterions will interact with the active ingredients. For instance, certain counterions can enhance the solubility of drugs, improving their bioavailability. Conversely, inappropriate counterions might lead to precipitation or reduced efficacy, complicating the formulation process. In electrochemistry, counterions are essential for the conduction of electricity in electrolytic solutions. When an electric current passes through a solution, cations migrate towards the cathode, while anions, which can be viewed as counterions, move towards the anode. This movement is crucial for the functioning of batteries and fuel cells, where the flow of ions facilitates energy conversion processes. The choice of counterions in these systems can significantly impact their performance, influencing factors such as conductivity and efficiency.Furthermore, the study of counterions has led to advancements in materials science. Researchers are exploring how different counterions can modify the properties of polymers and nanomaterials. By selecting specific counterions, scientists can tailor the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of materials for various applications, from electronics to biomedical devices. In conclusion, the concept of counterions is fundamental across multiple scientific disciplines. Their ability to balance charge, stabilize macromolecules, enhance drug formulations, facilitate electrochemical processes, and modify material properties underscores their importance. A deeper understanding of counterions not only enriches our knowledge of chemistry but also paves the way for innovative solutions in technology and medicine. As research continues to unveil the complexities of ionic interactions, the role of counterions will undoubtedly remain a focal point of inquiry and application.

在化学的世界中，术语counterions指的是在溶液中伴随带电物质的离子，以平衡它们的电荷。理解counterions的作用对于药物配方、电化学和生物系统等各种应用至关重要。例如，当盐溶解在水中时，它会解离成其组成离子。正离子或阳离子将吸引负的counterions，这些通常是溶液中的阴离子。这种相互作用对于维持系统的电中性至关重要。counterions的重要性不仅限于简单的电荷平衡。在生物系统中，counterions在稳定大分子如蛋白质和核酸方面发挥着关键作用。这些分子由于存在能够给予或接受质子的功能团，通常带有净电荷。周围的counterions帮助屏蔽这些电荷，防止可能导致聚集或沉淀的不良相互作用。例如，在DNA的情况下，带负电的磷酸骨架由带正电的counterions（如钠或钾离子）稳定。这种稳定性对于维持DNA双螺旋的结构完整性至关重要，使其能够有效地执行生物功能。此外，counterions在药物递送领域也很重要。许多药物化合物具有离子特性，其有效性可能受到counterions存在的影响。在配制药物时，科学家必须考虑counterions如何与活性成分相互作用。例如，某些counterions可以增强药物的溶解度，提高其生物利用度。相反，不适当的counterions可能导致沉淀或降低效能，从而使配方过程复杂化。在电化学中，counterions对于电解质溶液中电流的导电至关重要。当电流通过溶液时，阳离子向阴极迁移，而阴离子，亦可视为counterions，则向阳极移动。这种运动对于电池和燃料电池的功能至关重要，其中离子的流动促进了能量转换过程。选择合适的counterions可以显著影响这些系统的性能，影响导电性和效率等因素。此外，对counterions的研究推动了材料科学的进步。研究人员正在探索不同的counterions如何改变聚合物和纳米材料的性质。通过选择特定的counterions，科学家可以根据各种应用（从电子到生物医学设备）定制材料的机械、热和电气性质。总之，counterions的概念在多个科学学科中是基础性的。它们平衡电荷、稳定大分子、增强药物配方、促进电化学过程和改变材料性质的能力突显了它们的重要性。对counterions的更深入理解不仅丰富了我们对化学的认识，还为技术和医学中的创新解决方案铺平了道路。随着研究继续揭示离子相互作用的复杂性，counterions的角色无疑将继续成为研究和应用的焦点。