confounding

简明释义

英[/kənˈfaʊndɪŋ/]美[/kənˈfaʊndɪŋ/]

v. 使困惑，弄糊涂；证明……有错（confound 的现在分词）

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.

没有参与这项研究的宾夕法尼亚大学心理学家尼娜·施特罗明格指出，她希望这种影响是真实的，但不能排除一些未知的混杂变量。

2.Mild symptoms, called quantitative traits, may be confounding studies that compare children with autism to their siblings," says first author John N.

“轻微的症状，即数量性状，可能会使那些对比自闭症儿童及其同胞的研究很受挫，”研究报告的第一作者、医学博士JohnN.

3.Autism is a confounding neurological disorder that affects an estimated one in 110 U.S. children.

自闭症是一种神经系统失调症，每110个美国儿童中就会有1个自闭症患儿。

4.As investors ponder their next moves in this unusually unpredictable cycle, they are confronted with a confounding array of potential risks.

当投资者考虑自己在这轮极其难以预知的周期中的下一步举措时，他们面临一系列令人困惑的潜在风险。

5.But Mr Ariely and his colleagues demonstrate a mechanism through which such confounding effects could operate.

但是Ariely先生和他的同事们论证了这类干扰效果得以运行的一套原理。

6.Data on possible confounding factors were obtained from an extensive, structured interview.

可能的混合因素资料从多方面，结构性访谈中获得。

7.In many cases, there are confounding factors that are unmeasured which are probably related to differences in outcome.

在很多情况下，很多因素可能作为混杂因素导致不同的结果。

8.Just what goes into well-being is confounding.

如何幸福，是一个让人混淆的问题。

9.The second question is much more confounding.

第二个问题就更复杂一些。

10.The confounding 混杂的 variables made it difficult to determine the true effect of the treatment.

这些混杂的变量使得确定治疗的真实效果变得困难。

11.The results of the experiment were confounding 令人困惑的 because they contradicted our initial hypothesis.

实验结果令人困惑的，因为它们与我们的初始假设相矛盾。

12.She found the confounding 困惑的 data hard to interpret during her presentation.

在她的演讲中，她发现这些困惑的数据很难解释。

13.His confounding 令人困惑的 behavior left everyone in the meeting puzzled.

他令人困惑的行为让会议上的每个人都感到困惑。

14.The confounding 复杂的 factors in the study led to misleading conclusions.

研究中的复杂的因素导致了误导性的结论。

作文

In the realm of scientific research, the term confounding refers to a situation where an outside influence affects both the dependent and independent variables, leading to erroneous conclusions. This concept is particularly critical in fields such as psychology, medicine, and social sciences, where understanding the true relationship between variables is essential for accurate interpretations. For example, consider a study aiming to determine whether a new diet leads to weight loss. If the participants also engage in increased physical activity during the study period, this additional variable could act as a confounding factor, making it difficult to isolate the diet's effects on weight loss alone.The presence of confounding variables can significantly skew the results of a study. Researchers must be diligent in designing their experiments to control for these variables. One common method is to use randomization, which helps ensure that any potential confounding factors are evenly distributed across the treatment and control groups. By doing so, researchers can minimize the risk that these outside influences will distort the findings.Another approach to address confounding is through statistical techniques such as multivariate analysis. This involves analyzing multiple variables simultaneously to understand their individual contributions and interactions. For instance, in our diet and weight loss study, researchers might collect data on physical activity levels, age, gender, and metabolic rates, allowing them to adjust for these confounding factors in their analysis.The implications of confounding extend beyond academic research; they can impact public policy and health recommendations. If a study incorrectly attributes health benefits to a specific intervention without accounting for confounding variables, it could lead to misguided policies or advice that ultimately harm rather than help the population. Therefore, it is imperative that both researchers and policymakers remain vigilant about identifying and controlling for confounding factors in their work.Furthermore, education about confounding is crucial for consumers of research. Individuals often encounter studies in the media that make bold claims based on findings that may not adequately account for confounding variables. A lack of understanding about this concept can lead to misinformation and misinterpretation of scientific results. It is vital for the public to critically evaluate research claims, considering whether the studies have appropriately addressed potential confounding factors.In conclusion, confounding is a significant challenge in research that can lead to misleading conclusions if not properly managed. By employing rigorous study designs, utilizing statistical methods, and fostering public understanding of this issue, researchers can enhance the validity of their findings. Ultimately, recognizing and addressing confounding variables is essential for advancing knowledge and ensuring that research contributes positively to society.Overall, the awareness of confounding in research processes is not merely an academic exercise but a fundamental practice that upholds the integrity of scientific inquiry and its applications in real-world scenarios.

在科学研究领域，术语confounding指的是一种情况，其中外部影响同时影响因变量和自变量，导致错误的结论。这个概念在心理学、医学和社会科学等领域尤为重要，因为理解变量之间的真实关系对于准确的解释至关重要。例如，考虑一个旨在确定新饮食是否导致减肥的研究。如果参与者在研究期间也增加了体育活动，这个额外的变量可能会作为一个confounding因素，使得很难单独隔离饮食对减肥的影响。confounding变量的存在可能显著扭曲研究结果。研究人员必须在设计实验时谨慎控制这些变量。一种常见的方法是使用随机化，这有助于确保任何潜在的confounding因素在处理组和对照组之间均匀分配。通过这样做，研究人员可以最小化这些外部影响扭曲发现的风险。解决confounding的另一种方法是通过统计技术，例如多变量分析。这涉及同时分析多个变量，以了解它们各自的贡献和相互作用。例如，在我们的饮食与减肥研究中，研究人员可能会收集关于身体活动水平、年龄、性别和代谢率的数据，从而允许他们在分析中调整这些confounding因素。confounding的影响超出了学术研究；它们可能影响公共政策和健康建议。如果一项研究错误地将健康益处归因于特定干预，而没有考虑到confounding变量，这可能导致误导性的政策或建议，最终对公众造成伤害。因此，研究人员和政策制定者必须保持警惕，识别和控制他们工作中的confounding因素。此外，关于confounding的教育对于研究消费者至关重要。人们经常在媒体中遇到基于可能没有充分考虑confounding变量的发现而做出大胆声明的研究。对这一概念缺乏理解可能导致错误信息和对科学结果的误解。公众必须批判性地评估研究声明，考虑这些研究是否适当地解决了潜在的confounding因素。总之，confounding是研究中的一个重大挑战，如果没有妥善管理，可能导致误导性结论。通过采用严格的研究设计、利用统计方法以及促进公众对这个问题的理解，研究人员可以增强其发现的有效性。最终，识别和应对confounding变量对于推动知识进步和确保研究对社会产生积极贡献至关重要。总体而言，对研究过程中的confounding的认识不仅仅是学术练习，而是维护科学探究及其在现实世界中应用完整性的基本实践。