counterfactual

简明释义

英[ˌkaʊntəˈfæktʃuəl]美[ˌkaʊntərˈfæktʃuəl]

adj. 反事实的

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.Fiszbein says in the past, such evaluations were constrained by the lack of data and the technical challenges of developing a counterfactual, that is, what would have happened without the program.

Fiszbein说，过去要做这样的评价受到数据缺失和制作相反事实-即如果没有项目会是什么情况-的技术挑战的制约。

2.The results indicated:(1) The scores of 3-year-old children's consequent counterfactual reasoning were lower than that of 4 and 5-year-old children.

结果表明：1.3岁儿童在结果反事实推理中的得分显著低于4岁和5岁儿童，而4岁和5岁儿童的得分并不存在显著差异；

3.Counterfactual blending is one of the most favored patterns of knowing and thinking.

虚拟空间交织是人们常用的思维与认知方式之一。

4.A good deal of research has shown that these counterfactual insights can 35 kick-start new behaviors, new self-exploration and, ultimately, self-improvement.

(美国)伊利诺伊大学的心理学家尼尔·罗塞如是说，“大量研究已表明，这些反事实的自我思考会激发人们做出新的行为表现，新的自我探索，并最终使人自我改善。”

5.There seems to be no parallel explanation of why all or nothing for counterfactual identity.

似乎没有对为什么反事实的同一性的平行的解释。

6.The last chapter clarified definition. logic character and truth definition of counterfactual conditionals.

第四章着重评析了反事实条件句的定义、逻辑性质及真值定义。

7.The third part mainly introduces different implication theories, including: material implication, strict implication, relevant implication, counterfactual implication and intuitive implication.

第三部分主要介绍不同的蕴涵理论，如实质蕴涵、严格蕴涵、相干蕴涵、反事实蕴涵和直觉主义蕴涵等。

8.It is difficult conceptually and practically to construct this counterfactual result.

在概念上和实践上是很困难的兴建这与事实相反的结果。

9.The outcome of Experiment 1 demonstrated that downward counterfactual thinking could be aroused more when the result was close to the boundary.

实验一表明，结果接近分界点较结果远离分界点时，被试产生的下行反事实思维要多。

10.The economist presented a counterfactual analysis to show what would have happened if the government had not intervened during the recession.

经济学家提出了一项反事实分析，以展示如果政府在经济衰退期间没有干预，会发生什么。

11.The research included a counterfactual model to predict the outcomes of various policy changes.

该研究包括一个反事实模型，以预测各种政策变化的结果。

12.In history classes, students often explore counterfactual scenarios to understand how different decisions could have changed the course of events.

在历史课上，学生们经常探讨反事实场景，以理解不同的决策如何改变事件的发展轨迹。

13.Philosophers often debate counterfactual situations to examine concepts like free will and determinism.

哲学家们经常辩论反事实情况，以考察自由意志和决定论等概念。

14.Writers of fiction sometimes use counterfactual elements to create alternate histories in their stories.

小说作家有时使用反事实元素在他们的故事中创造替代历史。

作文

In the realm of philosophy and social sciences, the concept of counterfactual thinking plays a significant role in understanding causality and decision-making. Counterfactual reasoning allows individuals to explore alternative scenarios that could have occurred if different choices had been made or events had transpired differently. This form of speculation is not just an abstract exercise; it has real implications in various fields, such as history, economics, and psychology.For instance, consider a historical event like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, which triggered World War I. A counterfactual analysis might ask, "What if the archduke had not been assassinated?" By exploring this question, historians can gain insights into the complex web of alliances and tensions that characterized early 20th-century Europe. Such inquiries help to illuminate the fragility of historical events and the multitude of factors that contribute to significant outcomes.In economics, counterfactual analysis is often employed to assess the impact of policies or interventions. For example, when evaluating the effectiveness of a government stimulus package, economists may use counterfactual models to estimate what the economy would have looked like without the stimulus. This approach helps policymakers understand the potential consequences of their actions and make more informed decisions in the future.Psychologically, counterfactual thinking can influence how individuals cope with regrets and emotions. When people reflect on past decisions, they often engage in counterfactual reasoning, imagining how their lives might have been different had they made alternative choices. This can lead to feelings of regret or relief, depending on the nature of the counterfactual scenario. Understanding this process can help individuals navigate their emotions and learn from their experiences.Moreover, counterfactual thinking is not limited to negative outcomes. It can also foster creativity and innovation. By imagining different possibilities, individuals and organizations can brainstorm new ideas and approaches. For instance, in business, teams may use counterfactual scenarios to envision potential market changes or consumer behaviors, allowing them to adapt their strategies proactively.However, while counterfactual reasoning can be beneficial, it also has its pitfalls. Excessive dwelling on counterfactual thoughts can lead to rumination and dissatisfaction with one’s current situation. It is essential to strike a balance between learning from the past and living in the present. Thus, understanding the dynamics of counterfactual thinking can empower individuals to harness its benefits while mitigating its drawbacks.In conclusion, counterfactual thinking serves as a powerful tool across various disciplines, enabling us to analyze past events, evaluate policies, and understand human behavior. By contemplating alternative realities, we can enhance our decision-making processes and foster a deeper understanding of the complexities of life. As we continue to engage with counterfactual scenarios, we should remain mindful of their implications, using them to inform our present actions and future aspirations.

在哲学和社会科学领域，反事实思维的概念在理解因果关系和决策过程中发挥着重要作用。反事实推理使人们能够探索如果做出不同选择或事件以不同方式发生的替代情景。这种形式的推测不仅仅是一个抽象的练习；它在历史、经济学和心理学等多个领域具有实际意义。例如，考虑历史事件如1914年弗朗茨·斐迪南大公的刺杀，这一事件引发了第一次世界大战。反事实分析可能会问：“如果大公没有被刺杀，会怎样？”通过探索这个问题，历史学家可以深入了解20世纪初欧洲复杂的联盟和紧张局势。这种探讨有助于揭示历史事件的脆弱性以及导致重大结果的多种因素。在经济学中，反事实分析通常用于评估政策或干预措施的影响。例如，在评估政府刺激计划的有效性时，经济学家可能会使用反事实模型来估计如果没有刺激措施，经济将会是什么样子。这种方法帮助政策制定者理解其行动的潜在后果，并在未来做出更明智的决策。在心理学上，反事实思维可以影响个体如何应对遗憾和情感。当人们反思过去的决策时，他们往往会进行反事实推理，想象如果做出不同选择，他们的生活会有什么不同。这可能导致后悔或释然，具体取决于反事实情景的性质。理解这个过程可以帮助人们驾驭情感并从经历中学习。此外，反事实思维不仅限于消极结果。它还可以促进创造力和创新。通过想象不同的可能性，个人和组织可以集思广益，提出新想法和新方法。例如，在商业中，团队可能会利用反事实情景来设想潜在的市场变化或消费者行为，从而使他们能够主动调整策略。然而，尽管反事实推理可能是有益的，但它也有其缺陷。过度沉迷于反事实思维可能导致反刍和对当前情况的不满。因此，找到学习过去和活在当下之间的平衡至关重要。因此，理解反事实思维的动态可以使个人能够利用其优势，同时减轻其缺点。总之，反事实思维作为一种强大的工具，在各个学科中发挥着作用，使我们能够分析过去事件、评估政策和理解人类行为。通过思考替代现实，我们可以增强决策过程，并加深对生活复杂性的理解。在我们继续参与反事实情景时，我们应当保持对其影响的敏感，利用它们来指导我们当前的行动和未来的愿望。