activity coefficient

简明释义

1. 活度系数; 2. 活性系数; 3. 占空系数; 4. 功率因数; 5. 充填系数; 6. 工作比; 7. 活化系数; 8. 激活系数;

英英释义

例句

1.The activity coefficient of a solute in a solution can indicate its effective concentration compared to an ideal solution.

溶液中溶质的活度系数可以指示其有效浓度与理想溶液的比较。

2.In thermodynamics, the activity coefficient is crucial for calculating chemical equilibria.

在热力学中，活度系数对于计算化学平衡至关重要。

3.The activity coefficient can be affected by temperature and pressure changes.

活度系数可能会受到温度和压力变化的影响。

4.To accurately model the behavior of mixtures, one must consider the activity coefficient of each component.

为了准确建模混合物的行为，必须考虑每个组分的活度系数。

5.The activity coefficient of an electrolyte differs significantly from that of a non-electrolyte.

电解质的活度系数与非电解质的差异显著。

作文

In the field of physical chemistry, the concept of activity coefficient plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of solutions. The activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviations from ideal behavior in a solution, particularly in non-ideal solutions where interactions between solute particles are significant. When we discuss solutions, we often refer to Raoult's Law, which applies to ideal solutions. However, real-world solutions frequently do not behave ideally due to various factors such as concentration, temperature, and the nature of the solute and solvent involved.The activity coefficient helps us quantify these deviations. It is defined as the ratio of the activity of a species to its molar concentration. In simpler terms, it provides a measure of how much the presence of other ions or molecules affects the behavior of a particular ion or molecule in a solution. For example, in a saltwater solution, the interactions between water molecules and sodium or chloride ions lead to a situation where the effective concentration of these ions is different from their actual concentration. This is where the activity coefficient becomes essential.Understanding the activity coefficient is vital for various applications, including chemical engineering, environmental science, and even biochemistry. For instance, in chemical engineering processes such as distillation or extraction, knowing the activity coefficient allows engineers to predict how components will behave under different conditions. This can lead to more efficient designs and processes.Moreover, in environmental science, the activity coefficient is important for predicting how pollutants behave in natural waters. By understanding how the activity coefficient changes with varying concentrations of pollutants, scientists can better assess the impact of these substances on ecosystems and human health.In biochemistry, the activity coefficient is also significant when studying enzyme kinetics and protein interactions. Enzymes often operate in complex environments where the concentration of substrates and products can affect their activity. The activity coefficient helps researchers understand these interactions and optimize conditions for enzyme function.To calculate the activity coefficient, several models can be employed, such as the Debye-Hückel equation for ionic solutions. This equation provides a way to estimate the activity coefficient based on ionic strength, which is a measure of the concentration of ions in the solution. However, it is important to note that these calculations can become complex, particularly in concentrated solutions where multiple interactions occur.In conclusion, the activity coefficient is a fundamental concept in physical chemistry that helps us understand the behavior of solutions beyond ideal conditions. Its implications span across various scientific fields, making it an essential parameter in both theoretical studies and practical applications. By grasping the significance of the activity coefficient, we can enhance our understanding of chemical behaviors, improve industrial processes, and address environmental challenges more effectively.

在物理化学领域，活度系数的概念在理解溶液行为方面起着至关重要的作用。活度系数是一个用于考虑溶液中非理想行为偏差的因素，特别是在溶质粒子之间的相互作用显著的非理想溶液中。当我们讨论溶液时，通常会提到拉乌尔定律，该定律适用于理想溶液。然而，现实世界中的溶液往往由于浓度、温度以及所涉及的溶质和溶剂的性质等各种因素而表现得并不理想。活度系数帮助我们量化这些偏差。它被定义为某一物质的活度与其摩尔浓度之比。简单来说，它提供了一种测量其他离子或分子的存在如何影响特定离子或分子在溶液中行为的方式。例如，在盐水溶液中，水分子与钠离子或氯离子之间的相互作用导致这些离子的有效浓度与其实际浓度不同。这就是活度系数变得至关重要的地方。理解活度系数对于化学工程、环境科学甚至生物化学等多个应用领域至关重要。例如，在化学工程过程如蒸馏或萃取中，了解活度系数使工程师能够预测组分在不同条件下的行为。这可以导致更高效的设计和过程。此外，在环境科学中，活度系数对于预测污染物在自然水体中的行为也很重要。通过了解污染物浓度变化时活度系数的变化，科学家可以更好地评估这些物质对生态系统和人类健康的影响。在生物化学中，活度系数在研究酶动力学和蛋白质相互作用时也具有重要意义。酶通常在复杂的环境中运作，底物和产物的浓度会影响其活性。活度系数帮助研究人员理解这些相互作用，并优化酶功能的条件。为了计算活度系数，可以采用几种模型，例如针对离子溶液的德拜-赫克尔方程。该方程提供了一种基于离子强度（即溶液中离子的浓度的度量）来估算活度系数的方法。然而，需要注意的是，这些计算在浓缩溶液中可能变得复杂，因为会发生多重相互作用。总之，活度系数是物理化学中的一个基本概念，帮助我们理解溶液在理想条件之外的行为。它的影响跨越多个科学领域，使其成为理论研究和实际应用中的一个重要参数。通过掌握活度系数的重要性，我们可以增强对化学行为的理解，改善工业过程，并更有效地应对环境挑战。