sovereign immunity

简明释义

主权豁免

英英释义

例句

1.The concept of sovereign immunity can complicate international relations and legal disputes.

主权豁免的概念可能会使国际关系和法律争端变得复杂。

2.Some exceptions to sovereign immunity allow for lawsuits related to commercial activities.

对主权豁免的一些例外允许针对商业活动的诉讼。

3.The doctrine of sovereign immunity protects government entities from being sued without their consent.

《主权豁免》原则保护政府实体在未获得同意的情况下不被起诉。

4.In many countries, sovereign immunity is a fundamental principle that limits the accountability of state officials.

在许多国家，主权豁免是限制国家官员问责的基本原则。

5.The court ruled that the foreign government was entitled to sovereign immunity in this case.

法院裁定外国政府在此案中享有主权豁免。

作文

Sovereign immunity, a legal doctrine that protects states and their political subdivisions from being sued without their consent, plays a crucial role in the functioning of government and international relations. At its core, sovereign immunity refers to the principle that the state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution. This concept is rooted in the idea of state sovereignty, which asserts that a nation-state has the ultimate authority over its territory and is not subject to the jurisdiction of external entities. The origins of sovereign immunity can be traced back to ancient times when kings and rulers were considered above the law. Historically, it was believed that the monarch could do no wrong, and thus, any actions taken by the state were beyond reproach. This notion evolved over time, especially with the rise of modern nation-states, leading to the establishment of legal frameworks that formalized this immunity. In contemporary law, sovereign immunity can be categorized into two main types: absolute and qualified immunity. Absolute immunity grants complete protection from lawsuits, while qualified immunity allows for some exceptions, particularly in cases where officials act outside their lawful authority.In practice, sovereign immunity serves several important functions. Firstly, it ensures that government officials can perform their duties without the fear of constant litigation, which could hinder effective governance. For instance, if public officials were held liable for every decision they made, it could lead to a paralysis of government action, as officials might become overly cautious or hesitant to make necessary decisions. Secondly, sovereign immunity helps maintain the separation of powers, ensuring that the judiciary does not overstep its bounds by interfering in the internal affairs of the state.However, the doctrine of sovereign immunity is not without controversy. Critics argue that it can lead to a lack of accountability for government actions, particularly in cases involving human rights violations or misconduct by public officials. There have been numerous instances where individuals have sought justice against the state, only to be barred from doing so due to the protections afforded by sovereign immunity. This has sparked debates about the need for reform, with some advocating for limited waivers of immunity in specific circumstances to allow for greater access to justice.Internationally, sovereign immunity also plays a significant role in diplomatic relations. Countries often invoke this principle to protect themselves from legal actions in foreign courts, asserting that their sovereignty should be respected. However, this has led to complex legal dilemmas, particularly in cases involving transnational issues such as environmental damage or human rights abuses. The application of sovereign immunity in these contexts raises questions about global accountability and the extent to which states should be held responsible for their actions beyond their borders.In conclusion, sovereign immunity is a fundamental legal doctrine that underpins the concept of state sovereignty and plays a vital role in both domestic and international law. While it provides essential protections for government entities and officials, it also presents challenges regarding accountability and justice. As societies continue to evolve and grapple with issues of governance and human rights, the discourse surrounding sovereign immunity will undoubtedly remain a critical area of legal and ethical consideration.

国家主权豁免是一项法律原则，保护国家及其政治分支在未获得其同意的情况下不被起诉。这一原则在政府运作和国际关系中发挥着至关重要的作用。国家主权豁免的核心是国家不能犯法律错误，且免于民事诉讼或刑事起诉。这个概念根植于国家主权的思想，主张一个国家在其领土上拥有最终的权威，并不受外部实体的管辖。国家主权豁免的起源可以追溯到古代，当时国王和统治者被视为超越法律。历史上，人们认为君主不会犯错，因此国家采取的任何行动都不应受到指责。随着现代民族国家的崛起，这一观念不断演变，导致了正式化这种豁免的法律框架的建立。在当代法律中，国家主权豁免可以分为两种主要类型：绝对豁免和有限豁免。绝对豁免完全保护免受诉讼，而有限豁免则允许一些例外，特别是在官员超越其合法权力行事的情况下。在实践中，国家主权豁免发挥着几项重要功能。首先，它确保政府官员能够履行职责，而不必担心不断的诉讼，这可能会妨碍有效的治理。例如，如果公职人员因其每一个决策而承担责任，可能会导致政府行动瘫痪，因为官员可能会变得过于谨慎或犹豫，不敢做出必要的决策。其次，国家主权豁免有助于维护权力分立，确保司法机构不会通过干预国家内部事务而越权。然而，国家主权豁免的原则并非没有争议。批评者认为，这可能导致政府行为缺乏问责，尤其是在涉及人权侵犯或公职人员不当行为的案件中。有许多案例表明，个人试图对国家寻求正义，却因^{国家主权豁免}所赋予的保护而被阻止。这引发了关于改革必要性的辩论，一些人主张在特定情况下有限地放弃豁免，以便更大程度地获得正义。在国际上，国家主权豁免也在外交关系中发挥着重要作用。各国通常引用这一原则，保护自己免受外国法院的法律诉讼，主张应尊重其主权。然而，这导致了复杂的法律困境，特别是在涉及跨国问题如环境损害或人权侵犯的案件中。在这些背景下，国家主权豁免的适用引发了关于全球问责制以及国家在其边界之外的行为应承担多大责任的问题。总之，国家主权豁免是一项根本性的法律原则，支撑着国家主权的概念，并在国内和国际法中发挥着至关重要的作用。虽然它为政府实体和官员提供了必要的保护，但也提出了有关问责和正义的挑战。随着社会的不断发展，面对治理和人权问题的斗争，围绕国家主权豁免的讨论无疑将继续成为法律和伦理考虑的重要领域。