Pareto criterion

简明释义

帕累托标准

英英释义

例句

1.When evaluating social welfare programs, policymakers often refer to the Pareto criterion (帕累托标准) to ensure that the benefits outweigh the costs for all parties involved.

在评估社会福利项目时，政策制定者通常会参考Pareto criterion（帕累托标准），以确保所有相关方的利益超过成本。

2.The Pareto criterion (帕累托标准) is often used in negotiations to reach agreements that benefit all parties without causing harm.

在谈判中，经常使用Pareto criterion（帕累托标准）来达成对所有各方都有利而不造成伤害的协议。

3.In game theory, strategies are evaluated based on whether they meet the Pareto criterion (帕累托标准), indicating optimal outcomes for players.

在博弈论中，策略的评估基于它们是否满足Pareto criterion（帕累托标准），这表明对玩家的最佳结果。

4.In economics, the allocation of resources is considered efficient if it meets the Pareto criterion (帕累托标准), meaning that no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off.

在经济学中，如果资源的配置符合Pareto criterion（帕累托标准），即没有人可以在不使其他人变得更糟的情况下变得更好，那么这种配置被认为是有效的。

5.A project is deemed successful if it satisfies the Pareto criterion (帕累托标准), ensuring that improvements in one aspect do not lead to declines in another.

如果一个项目满足Pareto criterion（帕累托标准），确保某一方面的改善不会导致另一方面的下降，那么这个项目被认为是成功的。

作文

The concept of the Pareto criterion is fundamental in economics and decision-making theory. Named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, this principle states that for a distribution to be considered efficient, no individual can be made better off without making someone else worse off. This idea has profound implications for resource allocation and social welfare. In essence, the Pareto criterion serves as a benchmark for evaluating the efficiency of various economic outcomes.To illustrate the Pareto criterion, consider a simple example involving two individuals, Alice and Bob, who are sharing a fixed amount of resources. If Alice has 5 units of a good and Bob has 5 units, this situation can be described as Pareto efficient if any attempt to improve Alice's situation would necessarily harm Bob's. Conversely, if we find a way to increase Alice's units without decreasing Bob's, we have moved away from a Pareto efficient state. Thus, the Pareto criterion provides a clear framework for assessing whether an allocation of resources is optimal.In practice, policymakers often use the Pareto criterion to evaluate the effects of different policies on society. For instance, when considering tax reforms, a government might analyze whether the changes would benefit some individuals while disadvantaging others. If a proposed tax cut benefits the wealthy while increasing the tax burden on the poor, it may not meet the Pareto criterion because it makes one group better off at the expense of another.However, the Pareto criterion is not without its limitations. It does not account for equity or fairness; two distributions could be Pareto efficient but vastly different in terms of wealth distribution. For example, one scenario could involve a billionaire with all the resources while everyone else has nothing, which is technically Pareto efficient if no one can be made better off without harming the billionaire. This limitation has led economists to develop alternative criteria that incorporate notions of fairness, such as the Rawlsian approach, which emphasizes improving the position of the least advantaged.Moreover, the Pareto criterion is often applied in multi-objective optimization problems where multiple stakeholders have conflicting interests. In these scenarios, achieving a solution that satisfies the Pareto criterion means finding a balance where no stakeholder can improve their outcome without negatively impacting another. For example, in environmental policy, a decision might need to balance economic growth against ecological sustainability. A solution that meets the Pareto criterion would ensure that neither aspect is sacrificed entirely for the other.In summary, the Pareto criterion is a crucial concept in economics that helps evaluate the efficiency of resource allocations and policy decisions. While it offers valuable insights into how to achieve optimal outcomes, it also raises important questions about equity and fairness in resource distribution. Policymakers and economists must therefore consider both the Pareto criterion and its limitations when designing interventions aimed at improving societal welfare. By doing so, they can strive towards solutions that not only enhance efficiency but also promote a more equitable society.

“Pareto criterion”的概念在经济学和决策理论中是基础性的。这个原则以意大利经济学家维尔弗雷多·帕累托命名，指出为了使一个分配被认为是有效的，没有个人可以在不使其他人更糟的情况下变得更好。这一思想对资源配置和社会福利有深远的影响。从本质上讲，Pareto criterion作为评估各种经济结果效率的基准。为了说明Pareto criterion，考虑一个简单的例子，涉及两个个体，爱丽丝和鲍勃，他们正在分享固定数量的资源。如果爱丽丝拥有5单位的商品，而鲍勃也拥有5单位，那么这种情况可以被描述为帕累托有效的，如果任何试图改善爱丽丝的情况都必然会损害到鲍勃。相反，如果我们找到一种方法来增加爱丽丝的单位，而不减少鲍勃的单位，我们就已经偏离了帕累托有效状态。因此，Pareto criterion提供了一个明确的框架，用于评估资源配置是否最优。在实践中，政策制定者常常使用Pareto criterion来评估不同政策对社会的影响。例如，在考虑税收改革时，政府可能会分析这些变化是否会使某些个人受益，同时使其他人处于不利地位。如果一个提议的减税惠及富人，同时增加穷人的税负，那么它可能不符合Pareto criterion，因为它使一个群体变得更好，而以牺牲另一个群体为代价。然而，Pareto criterion并非没有局限性。它不考虑公平或公正；两种分配都可能是帕累托有效的，但在财富分配方面却截然不同。例如，一种情况可能涉及一个亿万富翁拥有所有资源，而其他人一无所有，这在技术上是帕累托有效的，如果没有伤害亿万富翁的情况下，没人能变得更好。这一局限性促使经济学家发展出替代标准，纳入公平的概念，例如罗尔斯主义的方法，强调改善最不利者的地位。此外，Pareto criterion通常应用于多目标优化问题，其中多个利益相关者存在冲突的利益。在这些情况下，实现满足Pareto criterion的解决方案意味着找到一个平衡点，使得没有利益相关者在不负面影响其他人的情况下改善其结果。例如，在环境政策中，决策可能需要在经济增长与生态可持续性之间取得平衡。一个满足Pareto criterion的解决方案将确保这两个方面都不会完全被牺牲。总之，Pareto criterion是经济学中的一个关键概念，有助于评估资源配置和政策决策的效率。虽然它提供了有关如何实现最佳结果的宝贵见解，但它也引发了关于资源分配的公平性和公正性的重要问题。因此，政策制定者和经济学家在设计旨在改善社会福利的干预措施时，必须考虑Pareto criterion及其局限性。通过这样做，他们可以努力寻找不仅提高效率，而且促进更加公平的社会的解决方案。