market failure

简明释义

市场失败

英英释义

例句

1.When externalities are present, such as in the case of smoking, we often see market failure 市场失灵 that necessitates regulation.

当存在外部性时，例如吸烟的情况，我们通常会看到需要监管的市场失灵。

2.Public goods like national defense are prone to market failure 市场失灵 since they are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.

像国防这样的公共产品容易出现市场失灵，因为它们是非排他性和非竞争性的。

3.Environmental pollution is often cited as a classic example of market failure 市场失灵 where the costs are not reflected in market prices.

环境污染常被视为一个经典的市场失灵例子，因为其成本未反映在市场价格中。

4.The government intervened in the economy to address the market failure 市场失灵 caused by monopolistic practices.

政府介入经济以解决由于垄断行为导致的市场失灵。

5.The lack of information in the healthcare market can lead to market failure 市场失灵, resulting in inefficient allocation of resources.

医疗市场信息不足可能导致市场失灵，造成资源配置效率低下。

作文

Market economies are often praised for their efficiency and ability to allocate resources effectively. However, there are instances when these markets fail to function optimally, leading to what economists refer to as market failure. 市场失灵 occurs when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. This can happen for several reasons, including externalities, public goods, and information asymmetries.One of the most common examples of market failure 市场失灵 is the presence of externalities. An externality is a cost or benefit incurred by a third party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit. For instance, pollution is a negative externality; a factory may produce goods while emitting harmful pollutants into the air, affecting the health of nearby residents. In this case, the market does not account for the social costs of pollution, leading to overproduction of the polluting good. This is a classic example of market failure 市场失灵 because the true cost of production is not reflected in the price of the product.Another factor contributing to market failure 市场失灵 is the existence of public goods. Public goods are those that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning that one person's consumption of the good does not diminish another person's ability to consume it, and individuals cannot be effectively excluded from using it. Examples include national defense, public parks, and street lighting. Because individuals cannot be charged directly for the use of these goods, private markets may underprovide them, leading to market failure 市场失灵. This underprovision necessitates government intervention to ensure that these essential services are available to all members of society.Information asymmetry is another critical cause of market failure 市场失灵. This occurs when one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other party. For example, in the used car market, sellers may have more information about the vehicle's condition than buyers. This imbalance can lead to adverse selection, where buyers are unable to accurately assess the value of the cars they are purchasing, resulting in market inefficiencies. As a result, good quality cars may be driven out of the market, leading to a situation of market failure 市场失灵.The implications of market failure 市场失灵 are significant. When markets fail, it can lead to inefficient resource allocation, reduced social welfare, and increased inequality. To address these failures, governments often step in to regulate markets, provide public goods, and correct externalities through taxation or subsidies. For example, imposing a carbon tax on polluting industries can help internalize the external costs associated with pollution, encouraging firms to reduce emissions and invest in cleaner technologies.In conclusion, while market economies are generally effective at allocating resources, they are not infallible. Understanding the concept of market failure 市场失灵 is crucial for recognizing when and how government intervention may be necessary to enhance economic efficiency and promote social welfare. By addressing the issues of externalities, public goods, and information asymmetry, policymakers can work towards creating a more equitable and efficient economic system.

市场经济常常因其效率和有效配置资源的能力而受到赞扬。然而，在某些情况下，这些市场未能最佳运作，导致经济学家所称的市场失灵。市场失灵发生在自由市场对商品和服务的配置不够有效时。这可能由于多种原因，包括外部性、公共物品和信息不对称。市场失灵的一个常见例子是外部性的存在。外部性是指由第三方承担的成本或收益，而该第三方并未选择承担该成本或收益。例如，污染是一种负外部性；一家工厂在生产商品时可能会向空气中排放有害污染物，影响附近居民的健康。在这种情况下，市场并未考虑到污染的社会成本，导致了对污染商品的过度生产。这是市场失灵的经典例子，因为生产的真实成本没有反映在产品价格中。导致市场失灵的另一个因素是公共物品的存在。公共物品是非排他性和非竞争性的，即一个人对该物品的消费不会减少另一个人消费的能力，并且个人无法有效地被排除在使用之外。例子包括国防、公共公园和街道照明。由于个人无法直接为这些商品的使用付费，私人市场可能会提供不足，从而导致市场失灵。这种不足的提供需要政府干预，以确保所有社会成员都能获得这些必要的服务。信息不对称是导致市场失灵的另一个关键原因。当交易中的一方拥有比另一方更多或更好的信息时，就会发生这种情况。例如，在二手车市场上，卖家可能对车辆的状况掌握的信息比买家更多。这种不平衡可能导致逆向选择，买家无法准确评估他们购买的汽车的价值，导致市场低效。因此，优质汽车可能被迫退出市场，导致市场失灵的情况。市场失灵的影响是显著的。当市场失败时，可能导致资源配置低效、社会福利减少和不平等加剧。为了应对这些失败，政府通常会介入以规范市场、提供公共物品，并通过征税或补贴来纠正外部性。例如，对污染行业征收碳税可以帮助内化与污染相关的外部成本，鼓励企业减少排放并投资于更清洁的技术。总之，虽然市场经济通常有效地配置资源，但它们并不是无懈可击的。理解市场失灵的概念对于认识何时以及如何进行政府干预以增强经济效率和促进社会福利至关重要。通过解决外部性、公共物品和信息不对称的问题，政策制定者可以朝着创造一个更加公平和高效的经济体系努力。