marginal social cost

简明释义

社会边际成本

英英释义

例句

1.In environmental economics, understanding the marginal social cost 边际社会成本 helps in making informed decisions about resource allocation.

在环境经济学中，理解marginal social cost 边际社会成本有助于做出有关资源分配的明智决策。

2.When evaluating the impact of pollution, it is essential to consider the marginal social cost 边际社会成本 of each additional unit of emissions.

在评估污染影响时，考虑每增加一单位排放的marginal social cost 边际社会成本是至关重要的。

3.To achieve efficient market outcomes, the price should reflect the marginal social cost 边际社会成本 of production.

为了实现有效的市场结果，价格应反映生产的marginal social cost 边际社会成本。

4.The marginal social cost 边际社会成本 of education can be measured by considering the benefits to society as a whole.

教育的marginal social cost 边际社会成本可以通过考虑对整个社会的好处来衡量。

5.Government policies often aim to reduce the marginal social cost 边际社会成本 associated with public transportation by subsidizing fares.

政府政策通常旨在通过补贴票价来降低与公共交通相关的marginal social cost 边际社会成本。

作文

Understanding the concept of marginal social cost is essential for anyone studying economics or public policy. The term refers to the additional costs incurred by society when producing one more unit of a good or service. These costs can include not only the direct costs of production but also the external costs that affect third parties, such as pollution or depletion of resources. In this essay, I will explore the significance of marginal social cost in economic decision-making and its implications for policy formulation.To begin with, it is crucial to differentiate between private costs and marginal social cost. Private costs are the expenses directly borne by producers, such as wages, materials, and utilities. However, these costs do not account for the broader impact on society. For instance, a factory might produce goods at a low private cost, but if its operations lead to significant air pollution, the health costs incurred by the community are not reflected in the price of the goods. Thus, the marginal social cost provides a more comprehensive view of the true cost of production.One of the most critical applications of marginal social cost is in determining the optimal level of production. Economists argue that the efficient allocation of resources occurs when the price of a good reflects its marginal social cost. When prices do not reflect these costs, it can lead to overproduction or underproduction. For example, if the market price of a product is lower than its marginal social cost, it may encourage excessive production, resulting in negative externalities like environmental damage. Conversely, if the price is higher, it may discourage consumption and lead to underproduction, depriving consumers of beneficial goods and services.Furthermore, understanding marginal social cost is critical for policymakers when designing interventions to correct market failures. Governments often implement taxes or subsidies to align private costs with marginal social cost. For instance, a carbon tax aims to internalize the external costs of carbon emissions by increasing the cost of fossil fuel consumption. By doing so, it encourages businesses and consumers to reduce their carbon footprint, thereby aligning individual incentives with societal welfare.Moreover, the concept of marginal social cost is also relevant in the context of public goods. Public goods, such as clean air and national defense, often suffer from underprovision because they are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. This means that individuals cannot be effectively charged for their use, leading to a situation where the marginal social cost of providing these goods is not reflected in any market price. Understanding this discrepancy helps governments to allocate resources efficiently and ensure that public goods are adequately provided.In conclusion, the concept of marginal social cost plays a vital role in understanding the true costs associated with production and consumption. It highlights the importance of considering both private and external costs in economic decision-making. By aligning market prices with marginal social cost, policymakers can create a more efficient and equitable economy. As we continue to face challenges such as climate change and resource depletion, incorporating the principles of marginal social cost into our economic framework will be crucial for achieving sustainable development and improving overall societal welfare.

理解边际社会成本的概念对于任何学习经济学或公共政策的人来说都是至关重要的。这个术语指的是社会在生产一个额外单位的商品或服务时所产生的附加成本。这些成本不仅包括生产的直接成本，还包括影响第三方的外部成本，例如污染或资源枯竭。在这篇文章中，我将探讨边际社会成本在经济决策中的重要性及其对政策制定的影响。首先，区分私人成本和边际社会成本是至关重要的。私人成本是生产者直接承担的费用，例如工资、材料和公用事业。然而，这些成本并未考虑对社会的更广泛影响。例如，一家工厂可能以较低的私人成本生产商品，但如果其运营导致严重的空气污染，社区所产生的健康成本则未反映在商品价格中。因此，边际社会成本提供了对生产真实成本的更全面的看法。边际社会成本的一个关键应用是在确定最优生产水平方面。经济学家认为，当商品的价格反映其边际社会成本时，资源的有效配置就会发生。当价格未能反映这些成本时，可能会导致过度生产或不足生产。例如，如果一种产品的市场价格低于其边际社会成本，这可能会鼓励过度生产，从而导致环境损害等负外部性。相反，如果价格过高，则可能抑制消费并导致不足生产，使消费者无法获得有益的商品和服务。此外，理解边际社会成本对于政策制定者在设计纠正市场失灵的干预措施时至关重要。政府通常会实施税收或补贴，以使私人成本与边际社会成本保持一致。例如，碳税旨在通过增加化石燃料消费的成本来内化碳排放的外部成本。通过这样做，它鼓励企业和消费者减少碳足迹，从而使个人激励与社会福利保持一致。此外，边际社会成本的概念在公共物品的背景下也非常相关。公共物品，例如清洁空气和国防，往往由于其不可排除性和非竞争性而遭受不足供应。这意味着个人无法有效地为其使用付费，导致提供这些商品的边际社会成本未在任何市场价格中反映出来。理解这种差异有助于政府有效分配资源，确保公共物品得到充分提供。总之，边际社会成本的概念在理解与生产和消费相关的真实成本方面发挥着至关重要的作用。它强调在经济决策中考虑私人成本和外部成本的重要性。通过使市场价格与边际社会成本保持一致，政策制定者可以创建一个更高效和公平的经济。随着我们继续面临气候变化和资源枯竭等挑战，将边际社会成本的原则纳入我们的经济框架对于实现可持续发展和改善整体社会福利至关重要。