imperfect market

简明释义

不完全市场

英英释义

例句

1.In an imperfect market, prices may not reflect the true value of goods due to external factors.

在一个不完全市场中，由于外部因素，价格可能无法反映商品的真实价值。

2.In an imperfect market, buyers and sellers do not have equal access to information.

在一个不完全市场中，买卖双方并没有平等的信息获取渠道。

3.The presence of monopolies can lead to an imperfect market where competition is stifled.

垄断的存在可能导致一个不完全市场，在这个市场中竞争受到压制。

4.Government regulations can create an imperfect market by limiting the number of participants.

政府的监管可能通过限制参与者的数量来创造一个不完全市场。

5.Information asymmetry is a common characteristic of an imperfect market.

信息不对称是不完全市场的一个常见特征。

作文

An imperfect market is a term used in economics to describe a market that does not meet the criteria of perfect competition. In a perfect market, there are numerous buyers and sellers, all of whom have perfect information about prices and products. However, in an imperfect market—or 不完全市场 in Chinese—there are several factors that cause deviations from this ideal scenario. These factors can include monopolies, oligopolies, price discrimination, and barriers to entry that prevent new competitors from entering the market. Consequently, the existence of an imperfect market often leads to inefficiencies, where resources are not allocated optimally, and prices may not reflect true supply and demand dynamics.One of the most common examples of an imperfect market is the monopoly, where a single seller dominates the market. This seller has the power to set prices above the equilibrium level, leading to higher profits at the expense of consumer welfare. In contrast, in a perfectly competitive market, no single entity has the power to influence prices significantly. Monopolies can arise due to various reasons, such as control over essential resources, government regulations, or significant economies of scale. The presence of a monopoly can lead to a deadweight loss, which is a loss of economic efficiency when the equilibrium outcome is not achievable.Another form of an imperfect market is an oligopoly, where a few firms dominate the market. In this case, companies may collude to set prices or output levels, effectively reducing competition. This behavior can lead to higher prices for consumers and less innovation within the industry. Oligopolistic markets are particularly common in industries such as telecommunications, airlines, and automotive manufacturing.Additionally, imperfect markets can also be characterized by information asymmetry, where one party has more or better information than the other. For example, in the used car market, sellers often know much more about the vehicle's condition than potential buyers. This imbalance can lead to adverse selection, where only lower-quality cars are sold, as buyers are unwilling to pay a fair price for a car they cannot fully assess. This situation exemplifies how information disparities can hinder market efficiency and lead to suboptimal outcomes for consumers.Moreover, barriers to entry can create imperfect markets. These barriers can be legal, financial, or technological, preventing new firms from entering the market and competing with established players. High startup costs, regulatory hurdles, and access to distribution channels can all serve as obstacles that protect incumbent firms from competition. As a result, consumers may face limited choices and higher prices, further highlighting the inefficiencies associated with imperfect markets.In conclusion, understanding the concept of an imperfect market is crucial for analyzing various economic scenarios and their implications on consumer welfare and resource allocation. The existence of monopolies, oligopolies, information asymmetries, and barriers to entry all contribute to the inefficiencies observed in these markets. Policymakers and economists must consider these factors when designing regulations and interventions aimed at promoting competition and improving market outcomes. By addressing the challenges posed by imperfect markets, we can work towards creating a more efficient and equitable economic environment for all participants.

不完全市场是经济学中的一个术语，用来描述一个不符合完美竞争标准的市场。在完美市场中，有众多的买家和卖家，所有人对价格和产品都有完美的信息。然而，在不完全市场——即中文中的不完全市场——中，有几个因素导致这种理想情景的偏离。这些因素可能包括垄断、寡头垄断、价格歧视以及阻碍新竞争者进入市场的障碍。因此，不完全市场的存在通常会导致效率低下，资源未能得到最佳配置，价格可能无法反映真实的供需动态。不完全市场最常见的例子之一是垄断，即单个卖家主导市场。这个卖家有能力将价格设定在均衡水平之上，从而导致更高的利润，而牺牲了消费者福利。相比之下，在完美竞争市场中，没有任何单一实体能够显著影响价格。垄断的产生可能由于多种原因，如对重要资源的控制、政府法规或显著的规模经济。垄断的存在可能导致无谓损失，即当无法实现均衡结果时，经济效率的损失。另一种形式的不完全市场是寡头垄断，其中少数几家公司主导市场。在这种情况下，公司可能会串通以设定价格或产出水平，从而有效降低竞争。这种行为可能导致消费者的价格上涨和行业内创新的减少。寡头市场在电信、航空和汽车制造等行业中尤为常见。此外，不完全市场还可以通过信息不对称来特征化，其中一方拥有比另一方更多或更好的信息。例如，在二手车市场中，卖方通常对车辆的状况了解得比潜在买家多。这种不平衡可能导致逆向选择，即只有低质量的汽车被出售，因为买家不愿意为一辆他们无法充分评估的汽车支付合理的价格。这种情况展示了信息差异如何妨碍市场效率并导致消费者的次优结果。此外，进入壁垒可以造成不完全市场。这些壁垒可以是法律、财务或技术上的，阻止新公司进入市场，与现有企业竞争。高昂的启动成本、监管障碍和进入分销渠道的困难都可以作为保护现有公司的障碍。因此，消费者可能面临有限的选择和更高的价格，进一步突显了与不完全市场相关的低效率。总之，理解不完全市场的概念对于分析各种经济情景及其对消费者福利和资源配置的影响至关重要。垄断、寡头垄断、信息不对称和进入壁垒的存在都促成了这些市场观察到的低效率。政策制定者和经济学家在设计旨在促进竞争和改善市场结果的法规和干预措施时，必须考虑这些因素。通过解决不完全市场所带来的挑战，我们可以努力为所有参与者创造一个更高效和公平的经济环境。