imperfect competition

简明释义

不完全竞争

英英释义

例句

1.In imperfect competition, barriers to entry can prevent new firms from entering the market.

在不完全竞争中，进入壁垒可能会阻止新企业进入市场。

2.In a market characterized by imperfect competition, firms have some control over prices.

在一个以不完全竞争为特征的市场中，企业对价格有一定的控制权。

3.Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition where many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.

垄断竞争是一种不完全竞争，许多公司出售相似但不完全相同的产品。

4.Economists study imperfect competition to understand how it affects market efficiency.

经济学家研究不完全竞争以理解其对市场效率的影响。

5.The presence of brand loyalty often leads to imperfect competition in the consumer goods sector.

品牌忠诚度的存在通常会导致消费品行业出现不完全竞争。

作文

In the world of economics, competition is a fundamental concept that drives markets and influences consumer behavior. However, not all markets operate under the same conditions. One of the key classifications of market structures is known as imperfect competition, which refers to a market structure where no single firm has complete control over the market, and various factors lead to inefficiencies in pricing and production. This contrasts sharply with perfect competition, where numerous small firms compete against each other, leading to optimal resource allocation and prices that reflect true supply and demand. Understanding imperfect competition is essential for grasping how many real-world markets function.Imperfect competition can take several forms, including monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. In a monopolistic competition scenario, many firms offer products that are similar but not identical. This allows them to have some degree of market power, enabling them to set prices above marginal cost. For example, consider the fast-food industry. Numerous chains like McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's sell similar products but differentiate themselves through branding, menu options, and customer service. This differentiation leads to a situation of imperfect competition, where each firm has some control over its pricing strategies, unlike in a perfectly competitive market.Oligopoly is another form of imperfect competition characterized by a few large firms dominating the market. These firms are interdependent, meaning the actions of one firm can significantly impact the others. A classic example of oligopoly is the airline industry, where a handful of companies control most of the market share. In such markets, firms may engage in collusion or price-fixing to maintain higher profits, which further distorts the efficiency of the market.Monopoly, on the other hand, is when a single firm dominates the market entirely. This firm can set prices without any direct competition, often leading to higher prices and reduced output. Monopolies can arise due to various reasons, including government regulation, control over resources, or technological advantages. While monopolies can lead to significant profits for the firm, they are often criticized for their negative impact on consumers and overall economic welfare. The existence of imperfect competition in these scenarios illustrates the complexities of market dynamics and the potential for market failures.The implications of imperfect competition are vast and can influence policy decisions and regulatory frameworks. Governments often intervene in markets exhibiting imperfect competition to promote fair competition and protect consumer interests. Antitrust laws, for example, aim to prevent monopolistic practices and encourage competition, ensuring that consumers benefit from lower prices and better quality products.In conclusion, imperfect competition plays a crucial role in understanding the functioning of many markets. By recognizing the different forms it can take, such as monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly, we can better comprehend the challenges and inefficiencies that arise in these market structures. As consumers and policymakers, being aware of imperfect competition enables us to advocate for fairer market practices and seek solutions that enhance economic welfare for all stakeholders involved.

在经济学的世界中，竞争是推动市场和影响消费者行为的基本概念。然而，并非所有市场都在相同的条件下运作。市场结构的一个关键分类被称为不完全竞争，它指的是一种市场结构，在这种结构中，没有单个公司对市场拥有完全控制权，各种因素导致定价和生产效率低下。这与完全竞争形成鲜明对比，完全竞争中许多小公司相互竞争，导致资源最优配置，价格反映真实的供需关系。理解不完全竞争对于掌握许多现实世界市场的运作至关重要。不完全竞争可以采取几种形式，包括垄断竞争、寡头垄断和垄断。在垄断竞争的情况下，许多公司提供相似但不完全相同的产品。这使得它们具有一定的市场力量，使其能够将价格设定在边际成本之上。例如，考虑快餐行业。许多连锁店如麦当劳、汉堡王和温迪出售类似的产品，但通过品牌、菜单选项和客户服务进行差异化。这种差异化导致了不完全竞争的情况，每家公司对其定价策略具有一定的控制权，这与完全竞争市场中的情况截然不同。寡头垄断是不完全竞争的另一种形式，其特点是少数大型公司主导市场。这些公司是相互依赖的，这意味着一家公司的行动会对其他公司产生重大影响。航空业就是寡头垄断的经典例子，少数几家公司控制着大部分市场份额。在这样的市场中，公司可能会参与合谋或价格操纵，以维持更高的利润，从而进一步扭曲市场的效率。另一方面，垄断是指单一公司完全主导市场。这家公司可以在没有直接竞争的情况下设定价格，通常导致价格上涨和产量减少。垄断可能由于各种原因而产生，包括政府监管、对资源的控制或技术优势。虽然垄断可能为公司带来可观的利润，但它们常常因对消费者和整体经济福利的负面影响而受到批评。这些场景中不完全竞争的存在说明了市场动态的复杂性以及市场失灵的潜在可能性。不完全竞争的影响是广泛的，可以影响政策决策和监管框架。政府通常会干预表现出不完全竞争的市场，以促进公平竞争并保护消费者利益。例如，反垄断法旨在防止垄断行为并鼓励竞争，确保消费者受益于更低的价格和更好的产品质量。总之，不完全竞争在理解许多市场的运作中起着至关重要的作用。通过认识到它可以采取的不同形式，如垄断竞争、寡头垄断和垄断，我们可以更好地理解这些市场结构中出现的挑战和低效率。作为消费者和政策制定者，意识到不完全竞争使我们能够倡导更公平的市场实践，并寻求增强所有相关利益相关者经济福利的解决方案。