adverse selection

简明释义

逆向选择

英英释义

例句

1.To mitigate adverse selection 逆向选择, insurers may require medical exams before issuing policies.

为了减少逆向选择，保险公司可能会要求在发放保单之前进行医学检查。

2.The used car market often suffers from adverse selection 逆向选择 as sellers have more information about the car's condition than buyers.

二手车市场常常遭受逆向选择，因为卖家对汽车状况的信息比买家多。

3.In the insurance market, companies face adverse selection 逆向选择 when only high-risk individuals purchase health insurance.

在保险市场中，当只有高风险个体购买健康保险时，公司面临逆向选择。

4.In financial markets, adverse selection 逆向选择 occurs when lenders cannot distinguish between high-risk and low-risk borrowers.

在金融市场中，当贷方无法区分高风险和低风险借款人时，就会发生逆向选择。

5.A company can reduce adverse selection 逆向选择 by implementing thorough background checks during the hiring process.

公司可以通过在招聘过程中实施彻底的背景调查来减少逆向选择。

作文

In the realm of economics and insurance, the term adverse selection refers to a situation where there is an imbalance in information between buyers and sellers. This phenomenon often occurs when one party in a transaction possesses more or better information than the other, leading to a selection bias that can adversely affect the market. For example, in the insurance industry, individuals who are more likely to file claims are also more inclined to purchase insurance. This creates a pool of high-risk clients, which can lead to higher costs for insurers and potentially drive them out of business.

The concept of adverse selection is crucial for understanding how markets operate and why certain regulations are necessary. When insurance companies are unable to accurately assess risk due to information asymmetry, they may set premiums too low, attracting a disproportionate number of high-risk individuals. As a result, the overall cost of claims increases, forcing insurers to raise premiums even further. This cycle can create a scenario where only the highest-risk individuals can afford insurance, leaving low-risk individuals without coverage.

To mitigate adverse selection, insurance companies often employ various strategies. One common approach is to implement mandatory health insurance policies, ensuring that both healthy and unhealthy individuals participate in the insurance pool. This helps to balance the risk and keep premiums manageable for everyone. Additionally, insurers may require medical examinations or questionnaires before issuing a policy, allowing them to better assess the risk associated with each individual.

Beyond insurance, adverse selection can also be observed in other markets, such as used cars or job markets. In the used car market, sellers often have more information about the condition of the vehicle than buyers. This can lead to a situation where buyers are unwilling to pay a fair price, fearing that they might end up with a 'lemon'—a car that has hidden defects. Consequently, sellers of high-quality cars may withdraw from the market, leaving only low-quality vehicles available. This scenario illustrates how adverse selection can lead to market failure, as the quality of goods diminishes over time.

In the job market, adverse selection can occur when employers are unable to accurately assess the skills and abilities of potential employees. This information asymmetry can lead to a situation where only the least qualified candidates apply for jobs, as they are the ones most desperate for employment. Meanwhile, highly skilled candidates may avoid applying due to a lack of confidence in their ability to demonstrate their qualifications adequately. This can result in a workforce that does not reflect the true talent pool available, ultimately harming the productivity and competitiveness of businesses.

In conclusion, adverse selection is a significant concept in economics that highlights the challenges posed by information asymmetry in various markets. By understanding this phenomenon, policymakers and business leaders can develop strategies to mitigate its effects, ensuring that markets function more efficiently and equitably. Whether in insurance, used cars, or employment, addressing adverse selection is essential for fostering a healthy economic environment that benefits all participants.

在经济学和保险领域，术语逆向选择指的是买卖双方之间信息不平衡的情况。这种现象通常发生在交易中的一方拥有比另一方更多或更好的信息，从而导致选择偏差，可能对市场产生不利影响。例如，在保险行业中，更有可能提出索赔的个人也更倾向于购买保险。这就形成了一个高风险客户池，这可能导致保险公司的成本上升，并可能将其逼出市场。

理解逆向选择的概念对于理解市场如何运作以及为什么某些法规是必要的至关重要。当保险公司因信息不对称而无法准确评估风险时，他们可能会设定过低的保费，从而吸引大量高风险个体。因此，索赔的整体成本增加，迫使保险公司进一步提高保费。这种循环可能导致只有风险最高的个体能够负担得起保险，而低风险个体则失去保障。

为了缓解逆向选择，保险公司通常会采用各种策略。一种常见的方法是实施强制健康保险政策，确保健康和不健康的个体都参与保险池。这有助于平衡风险，使每个人的保费保持在可管理的水平。此外，保险公司可能会在发放保单之前要求进行体检或填写问卷，以便更好地评估与每个个体相关的风险。

除了保险，逆向选择还可以在其他市场中观察到，例如二手车或就业市场。在二手车市场中，卖家通常对车辆的状况拥有比买家更多的信息。这可能导致买家不愿意支付公平的价格，担心他们可能会买到“柠檬”——一种隐藏缺陷的汽车。因此，高质量汽车的卖家可能会退出市场，只留下低质量的车辆可供选择。这种情况说明了逆向选择如何导致市场失灵，因为商品的质量随着时间的推移而下降。

在就业市场中，当雇主无法准确评估潜在员工的技能和能力时，也可能发生逆向选择。这种信息不对称可能导致只有最低资格的候选人申请工作，因为他们是最渴望获得工作的那一类。同时，高技能候选人可能由于缺乏信心而避免申请，因为他们无法充分展示自己的资格。这可能导致劳动力未能反映真实的人才库，最终损害企业的生产力和竞争力。

总之，逆向选择是经济学中的一个重要概念，突显了信息不对称在各种市场中带来的挑战。通过理解这一现象，政策制定者和商业领袖可以制定策略来缓解其影响，确保市场更有效和公平地运作。无论是在保险、二手车还是就业领域，解决逆向选择问题对于促进有利于所有参与者的健康经济环境至关重要。