carbanion

简明释义

英[kɑːˈbænaɪən]美[kɑrˈbænˌaɪən;kɑrˈbænˌaɪˌɑn]

n. [化学] 负碳离子

英英释义

单词用法

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例句

1.Carbocation and carbanion stabilities can be assessed using hydride ion affinities.

可以使用氢化物离子亲和力评估碳正离子和碳负离子的稳定性。

2.Carbocation and carbanion stabilities can be assessed using hydride ion affinities.

可以使用氢化物离子亲和力评估碳正离子和碳负离子的稳定性。

3.The reaction mechanism often involves the formation of a carbanion 负碳离子 as an intermediate.

反应机制通常涉及将 carbanion 负碳离子 作为中间体的形成。

4.In nucleophilic substitution reactions, a carbanion 负碳离子 can act as a strong nucleophile.

在亲核取代反应中，carbanion 负碳离子 可以作为强亲核试剂。

5.The stability of a carbanion 负碳离子 can be influenced by the surrounding electronegative atoms.

周围电负性原子的影响可以影响 carbanion 负碳离子 的稳定性。

6.In organic chemistry, a carbanion 负碳离子 is formed when a carbon atom has a negative charge.

在有机化学中，carbanion 负碳离子 是当一个碳原子带有负电荷时形成的。

7.A common method to generate a carbanion 负碳离子 is through deprotonation of an alkane.

生成 carbanion 负碳离子 的常见方法是通过烷烃的去质子化。

作文

In the realm of organic chemistry, the concept of a carbanion is fundamental to understanding various chemical reactions and mechanisms. A carbanion is defined as a negatively charged carbon atom that possesses three bonds and an extra pair of electrons. This unique structure allows carbanions to act as nucleophiles, meaning they can donate an electron pair to form new bonds with electrophiles. The presence of a carbanion in a reaction can significantly alter the course of the reaction, making it a crucial player in many organic synthesis pathways.One of the most notable characteristics of a carbanion is its stability, which can be influenced by several factors including the hybridization of the carbon atom and the surrounding electronegative atoms. For instance, a carbanion formed from a sp3 hybridized carbon is generally less stable than one formed from a sp2 or sp hybridized carbon. This is due to the greater s-character in sp and sp2 hybridized carbons, which allows for better overlap with the p-orbitals of adjacent atoms, thus stabilizing the negative charge.The formation of carbanions can occur through various methods, such as deprotonation of hydrocarbons or via the reaction of certain organometallic compounds. An example of this is the reaction of a strong base with a terminal alkyne, where the terminal hydrogen is removed, resulting in the formation of a carbanion. This carbanion can then participate in further reactions, such as nucleophilic substitution or addition reactions.Understanding the behavior of carbanions is essential for chemists, especially when designing synthetic routes for complex organic molecules. For instance, in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, the ability to generate and manipulate carbanions allows chemists to create specific molecular frameworks that are crucial for biological activity. The versatility of carbanions extends beyond simple reactions; they can also engage in rearrangements and eliminations, providing a pathway to diverse products.Moreover, carbanions play a significant role in the field of polymer chemistry. They can be used as initiators in living anionic polymerization, where a carbanion reacts with a monomer to initiate the growth of a polymer chain. This technique allows for the precise control of molecular weight and architecture of the resulting polymers, which is invaluable in developing advanced materials with tailored properties.In conclusion, the study of carbanions is a vital aspect of organic chemistry that opens up numerous possibilities for synthesis and application. Their unique properties and reactivity make them indispensable tools for chemists aiming to explore and exploit the vast landscape of organic compounds. As research continues to advance, the understanding of carbanions and their applications will undoubtedly expand, leading to innovative solutions in various fields, from pharmaceuticals to materials science. By mastering the concept of carbanions, chemists can unlock new pathways for creativity and discovery in their work.

在有机化学领域，carbanion的概念对于理解各种化学反应和机制是基础。carbanion被定义为一个带负电荷的碳原子，它具有三个键和一对额外的电子。这种独特的结构使得carbanion能够作为亲核试剂，意味着它们可以捐赠一对电子以与电亲体形成新键。在反应中存在carbanion可以显著改变反应的过程，使其成为许多有机合成途径中的关键参与者。carbanion的一个显著特征是其稳定性，这可能受到几个因素的影响，包括碳原子的杂化状态和周围的电负性原子。例如，由sp3杂化碳形成的carbanion通常比由sp2或sp杂化碳形成的更不稳定。这是因为sp和sp2杂化碳具有更高的s特性，从而允许与相邻原子的p轨道更好的重叠，从而稳定负电荷。carbanion的形成可以通过多种方法发生，例如去质子化烃类或通过某些有机金属化合物的反应。一个例子是强碱与末端炔烃的反应，其中末端氢被移除，从而形成carbanion。这个carbanion随后可以参与进一步的反应，如亲核取代或加成反应。理解carbanion的行为对于化学家至关重要，特别是在设计复杂有机分子的合成路线时。例如，在药物的合成中，生成和操控carbanion的能力使化学家能够创造出对生物活性至关重要的特定分子框架。carbanion的多样性不仅限于简单反应；它们还可以参与重排和消除，为多样产品提供路径。此外，carbanion在聚合物化学领域也扮演着重要角色。它们可以作为活性负离子聚合中的引发剂，其中carbanion与单体反应以启动聚合物链的生长。这种技术允许精确控制所生成聚合物的分子量和结构，这在开发具有定制特性的先进材料中是无价的。总之，carbanion的研究是有机化学的重要方面，为合成和应用开辟了无数可能性。它们独特的性质和反应性使它们成为化学家探索和利用广泛有机化合物的不可或缺的工具。随着研究的不断推进，对carbanion及其应用的理解无疑会扩展，导致在各个领域（从药物到材料科学）的创新解决方案。通过掌握carbanion的概念，化学家可以解锁他们工作中创造力和发现的新途径。