in personam

简明释义

对人诉讼

英英释义

例句

1.An in personam ruling means that the legal obligations apply specifically to the individual named in the case.

人身判决意味着法律义务仅适用于案件中指定的个人。

2.The court issued a judgment in personam against the defendant, requiring him to pay damages.

法院对被告发布了人身判决，要求他支付赔偿金。

3.The lawyer explained that the contract would be enforced in personam, rather than in rem.

律师解释说，该合同将以人身判决的方式执行，而不是以物权判决的方式。

4.The judge's decision was in personam, mandating the defendant to fulfill his contractual obligations.

法官的裁决是人身判决，强制被告履行其合同义务。

5.In family law cases, decisions are often made in personam, affecting the parties directly involved.

在家庭法案件中，决定通常是针对直接相关方作出的人身判决。

作文

The term in personam is a Latin phrase that translates to 'against the person.' It is primarily used in legal contexts to refer to actions or judgments that are directed towards a specific individual, rather than towards property or a legal entity. Understanding the concept of in personam is crucial for anyone studying law or involved in legal proceedings. In many legal systems, there are two main types of jurisdiction: in personam and in rem. While in rem pertains to the rights concerning property, in personam focuses on the rights and obligations of individuals. For instance, if a person sues another individual for breach of contract, the court exercises in personam jurisdiction over the defendant. This means that the court's authority is based on the relationship between the parties involved rather than on any property that may be at stake.The significance of in personam jurisdiction can be observed in various legal scenarios. For example, when a plaintiff files a lawsuit, they must establish that the court has in personam jurisdiction over the defendant. This can be achieved through several means, such as the defendant's physical presence in the jurisdiction, their residency, or their consent to the court's authority. Without proper in personam jurisdiction, any judgment rendered by the court may be deemed invalid.Moreover, the implications of in personam jurisdiction extend beyond mere legal technicalities. It affects how individuals conduct business and interact within the legal framework. For instance, businesses must be aware of where they operate and the jurisdictions they fall under, as this can influence their exposure to lawsuits. Companies that engage in interstate commerce may find themselves subject to in personam jurisdiction in multiple states, depending on their activities and connections to those states.In addition, understanding in personam jurisdiction is vital for international law. When individuals or entities from different countries engage in legal disputes, the question of which country’s courts have in personam jurisdiction becomes paramount. International treaties and agreements often address these issues, providing guidelines on how to navigate jurisdictional challenges across borders.In conclusion, the concept of in personam is essential for understanding the dynamics of legal jurisdiction. It highlights the importance of individual rights and responsibilities within the legal system and underscores the necessity of establishing proper jurisdiction before proceeding with legal actions. Whether in domestic or international contexts, in personam serves as a fundamental principle that shapes the way justice is administered and ensures that individuals are held accountable for their actions. As we continue to explore the complexities of law, grasping the nuances of terms like in personam will undoubtedly enhance our comprehension of legal processes and principles.

“in personam”是一个拉丁短语，翻译为“针对个人”。它主要用于法律背景中，指的是针对特定个人的行为或判决，而不是针对财产或法律实体。理解in personam的概念对于任何学习法律或参与法律程序的人来说都是至关重要的。在许多法律体系中，主要有两种类型的管辖权：in personam和in rem。而in rem涉及与财产有关的权利，in personam则关注个人的权利和义务。例如，如果一个人因违反合同起诉另一个人，法院对被告行使in personam管辖权。这意味着法院的权威基于当事人之间的关系，而不是任何可能涉及的财产。in personam管辖权的重要性可以在各种法律场景中观察到。例如，当原告提起诉讼时，他们必须证明法院对被告拥有in personam管辖权。这可以通过几种方式实现，例如被告在管辖区内的实际存在、居住地或同意法院的权威。如果没有适当的in personam管辖权，法院作出的任何判决可能会被视为无效。此外，理解in personam管辖权超越了单纯的法律技术细节。它影响着个人在法律框架内的商业行为和互动。例如，企业必须意识到他们的经营地点以及他们所处的管辖权，因为这可能影响他们面临诉讼的风险。参与州际商业的公司可能会发现自己在多个州受到in personam管辖权的约束，具体取决于他们的活动和与这些州的联系。此外，理解in personam管辖权对于国际法也至关重要。当来自不同国家的个人或实体参与法律争议时，哪个国家的法院拥有in personam管辖权的问题变得至关重要。国际条约和协议通常会解决这些问题，提供关于如何跨越国界应对管辖权挑战的指南。总之，in personam的概念对于理解法律管辖权的动态至关重要。它突显了个人在法律系统中的权利和责任的重要性，并强调在进行法律行动之前建立适当管辖权的必要性。无论是在国内还是国际背景下，in personam作为一个基本原则，塑造了公正的实施方式，并确保个人对其行为负责。随着我们继续探索法律的复杂性，掌握像in personam这样的术语的细微差别无疑将增强我们对法律程序和原则的理解。