effective mass

简明释义

有效质量

英英释义

例句

1.The effective mass of a particle can be influenced by external magnetic fields.

粒子的有效质量可以受到外部磁场的影响。

2.In semiconductor physics, the concept of effective mass is crucial for understanding charge carrier dynamics.

在半导体物理中，有效质量的概念对于理解电荷载流子动力学至关重要。

3.The effective mass of an electron in a crystal lattice can differ significantly from its rest mass due to interactions with the lattice.

晶格中电子的有效质量可能因与晶格的相互作用而与其静止质量显著不同。

4.In optical properties of materials, the effective mass plays a role in determining the absorption spectrum.

在材料的光学特性中，有效质量在决定吸收光谱方面起着作用。

5.When calculating the mobility of carriers, one must consider the effective mass of electrons and holes.

在计算载流子的迁移率时，必须考虑电子和空穴的有效质量。

作文

In the realm of physics, particularly in solid-state physics and quantum mechanics, the concept of effective mass is crucial for understanding the behavior of charge carriers, such as electrons and holes, in a material. The term effective mass refers to a modified mass that accounts for the interaction of the charge carriers with the periodic potential of the crystal lattice. This concept allows us to simplify complex interactions and treat these particles as if they were free particles with a different mass. To grasp the significance of effective mass, we must first consider the traditional notion of mass. In classical mechanics, mass is a measure of an object's resistance to acceleration when a force is applied. However, in a crystalline solid, the behavior of electrons is not solely determined by their intrinsic properties but is also influenced by the surrounding atomic lattice. As electrons move through the lattice, they experience forces due to the periodic potential created by the positively charged atomic cores. This interaction alters their dynamics, leading to the concept of effective mass.The mathematical formulation of effective mass arises from the energy dispersion relation of electrons in a crystal. When we plot the energy of an electron against its wave vector (momentum), we observe that the curvature of this relationship provides insight into how the electron behaves under external forces. A steep curvature indicates a small effective mass, meaning the electron can accelerate quickly in response to applied forces. Conversely, a gentle curvature corresponds to a larger effective mass, suggesting that the electron will respond more sluggishly.One of the most significant applications of effective mass is in the design and understanding of semiconductors. In semiconductor physics, the effective mass of electrons and holes determines the electrical conductivity and mobility of the material. For instance, materials with a small effective mass typically exhibit high electron mobility, making them suitable for electronic devices. Silicon, a widely used semiconductor, has an effective mass that allows for efficient charge transport, contributing to its dominance in the electronics industry.Moreover, the concept of effective mass extends beyond just electrons. Holes, which represent the absence of an electron in the valence band, also possess an effective mass. The behavior of holes can be understood similarly, as they too interact with the crystal lattice and exhibit distinct properties based on their effective mass. This duality of charge carriers is fundamental to the operation of p-n junctions, which are essential components in diodes and transistors.In conclusion, the notion of effective mass is a powerful tool in the study of condensed matter physics. It provides a bridge between the complex interactions of charge carriers and the simplified models used to describe their motion. By incorporating the effects of the crystal lattice into a single parameter, effective mass enables scientists and engineers to predict and manipulate the electrical properties of materials effectively. As technology continues to advance, understanding and utilizing the concept of effective mass will remain vital for the development of new electronic devices and materials.

在物理学领域，特别是在固态物理和量子力学中，有效质量的概念对于理解材料中电荷载流子（如电子和空穴）的行为至关重要。术语有效质量指的是一种修正后的质量，它考虑了电荷载流子与晶体晶格的周期性势能的相互作用。这个概念使我们能够简化复杂的相互作用，并将这些粒子视为自由粒子，其质量不同。要理解有效质量的重要性，我们首先必须考虑传统的质量概念。在经典力学中，质量是物体在施加力时抵抗加速的度量。然而，在晶体固体中，电子的行为不仅由其内在特性决定，还受到周围原子晶格的影响。当电子穿过晶格时，它们会因带正电的原子核所产生的周期性势能而受到力的作用。这种相互作用改变了它们的动态，从而引入了有效质量的概念。有效质量的数学公式源于晶体中电子的能量色散关系。当我们绘制电子的能量与其波矢（动量）之间的关系时，我们可以观察到这一关系的曲率提供了有关电子在外力作用下如何行为的见解。陡峭的曲率表示较小的有效质量，这意味着电子对施加的力反应迅速。相反，温和的曲率对应于较大的有效质量，表明电子的反应较为迟钝。有效质量的一个重要应用是在半导体的设计和理解中。在半导体物理中，电子和空穴的有效质量决定了材料的电导率和迁移率。例如，具有小有效质量的材料通常表现出高电子迁移率，使其适合用于电子设备。硅是一种广泛使用的半导体，其有效质量使其能够高效地传输电荷，这也促成了其在电子工业中的主导地位。此外，有效质量的概念不仅限于电子。空穴代表价带中电子的缺失，也具有有效质量。空穴的行为可以类似地理解，因为它们也与晶格相互作用，并根据其有效质量表现出不同的特性。这种电荷载流子的双重性是p-n结的基本原理，而p-n结是二极管和晶体管等重要组件。总之，有效质量的概念是研究凝聚态物理的强大工具。它为电荷载流子的复杂相互作用与用于描述其运动的简化模型之间架起了一座桥梁。通过将晶格的影响纳入单一参数，有效质量使科学家和工程师能够有效地预测和操控材料的电气特性。随着技术的不断进步，理解和利用有效质量的概念将继续对新电子设备和材料的发展至关重要。