action in personam

简明释义

对人诉讼

英英释义

例句

1.When someone is wronged, they may pursue an action in personam to hold the responsible party accountable.

当有人受到侵害时，他们可以提起人身诉讼以追究相关方的责任。

2.To enforce a judgment, the creditor must initiate an action in personam against the debtor.

为了执行判决，债权人必须对债务人提起人身诉讼。

3.The court ruled that it had jurisdiction to hear the action in personam against the individual who caused the harm.

法院裁定其有权审理对造成伤害的个人提起的人身诉讼。

4.An action in personam focuses on the rights and obligations of specific individuals rather than property.

人身诉讼关注特定个人的权利和义务，而不是财产。

5.In a breach of contract case, the plaintiff can file an action in personam to seek damages from the defendant.

在合同违约案件中，原告可以提起人身诉讼以寻求被告的赔偿。

作文

In the realm of law, the term action in personam refers to a legal action directed against a particular individual, as opposed to an action in rem, which is directed against a thing or property. This distinction is crucial in understanding how legal rights and obligations are enforced within the judicial system. The concept of action in personam is foundational in civil law jurisdictions and is also prevalent in common law systems, where it plays a significant role in personal jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments.To illustrate, consider a scenario where a person owes money to another individual. If the creditor decides to sue the debtor for the repayment of the loan, this legal action would be classified as an action in personam. The court's authority is exercised over the debtor specifically, and the outcome of the case hinges on the debtor's personal obligations. The creditor seeks a judgment that compels the debtor to fulfill their financial obligation, thus demonstrating the personal nature of the action.The implications of an action in personam extend beyond mere financial disputes. In family law, for example, actions such as divorce proceedings or child custody battles are also considered actions in personam because they seek to resolve issues pertaining to individuals rather than property. The courts have the power to issue orders that directly affect the parties involved, showcasing the personal jurisdiction that underlies these legal actions.Furthermore, the effectiveness of an action in personam relies heavily on the ability of the court to obtain jurisdiction over the defendant. This means that the court must have the authority to make decisions regarding the individual being sued. Jurisdiction can be established based on various factors, including the residence of the defendant, the location where the cause of action arose, or the defendant's activities within the jurisdiction. In contrast, an action in rem does not focus on the individual but rather on the status of a specific piece of property. For instance, if a person wishes to challenge the ownership of a piece of land, they would file an action in rem, targeting the property itself rather than a person. The outcome of such a case affects the rights associated with the property, regardless of who the current owner may be.Understanding the difference between action in personam and action in rem is essential for both legal practitioners and individuals navigating the legal system. It influences the strategy employed in litigation and the remedies sought by the parties involved. In many cases, a successful action in personam can lead to monetary damages, injunctions, or specific performance, all aimed at compelling the defendant to act in accordance with the law.In conclusion, the term action in personam represents a vital aspect of legal proceedings that focuses on the rights and obligations of individuals. By recognizing the personal nature of such actions, one can better understand the complexities of the legal system and the mechanisms through which justice is pursued. Whether in matters of debt recovery, family law, or other personal disputes, action in personam serves as a critical tool for enforcing legal rights and ensuring accountability among individuals.

在法律领域，术语action in personam指的是针对特定个人的法律诉讼，而不是针对某物或财产的诉讼（即action in rem）。这种区分对于理解法律权利和义务如何在司法系统中得到执行至关重要。action in personam的概念是民法管辖区的基础，在普通法体系中也很普遍，它在个人管辖权和判决执行中发挥着重要作用。举例来说，考虑一个人欠另一个人钱的情景。如果债权人决定起诉债务人以偿还贷款，这一法律行动将被归类为action in personam。法院的权力直接作用于债务人，案件的结果依赖于债务人的个人义务。债权人寻求一个强制债务人履行其财务义务的判决，从而展示了这一诉讼的个人性质。action in personam的影响超越了单纯的财务纠纷。在家庭法中，例如，离婚诉讼或子女监护权争夺战也被视为action in personam，因为它们旨在解决与个人相关的问题，而不是财产。法院有权发布直接影响当事方的命令，展示了这些法律行动背后的个人管辖权。此外，action in personam的有效性在很大程度上依赖于法院能够对被告获得管辖权。这意味着法院必须有权对被告进行裁决。管辖权可以基于各种因素建立，包括被告的居住地、诉因发生的地点或被告在管辖区内的活动。相反，action in rem则不关注个人，而是关注特定财产的状态。例如，如果一个人希望挑战一块土地的所有权，他们将提起action in rem，针对的是该财产本身，而不是某个人。此类案件的结果会影响与该财产相关的权利，无论当前所有者是谁。理解action in personam和action in rem之间的区别对于法律从业者和在法律系统中导航的个人都至关重要。这影响到诉讼中采用的策略以及当事方寻求的救济。在许多情况下，成功的action in personam可以导致金钱赔偿、禁令或特定履行，所有这些都是旨在迫使被告依照法律行事。总之，术语action in personam代表了法律诉讼中的一个重要方面，专注于个人的权利和义务。通过认识到此类诉讼的个人性质，人们可以更好地理解法律系统的复杂性以及追求正义的机制。无论是在债务追偿、家庭法还是其他个人纠纷中，action in personam都是强制执行法律权利和确保个人责任的关键工具。