substitutional impurity

简明释义

替代式杂质

英英释义

例句

1.A substitutional impurity can introduce new energy levels within the band gap of a material.

替代杂质可以在材料的带隙中引入新的能级。

2.In semiconductors, substitutional impurities are used to control the conductivity of materials.

在半导体中，替代杂质用于控制材料的导电性。

3.The presence of a substitutional impurity in the crystal lattice can significantly alter its electrical properties.

在晶体晶格中存在的替代杂质可以显著改变其电学性质。

4.The study of substitutional impurities helps in the development of more efficient solar cells.

对替代杂质的研究有助于开发更高效的太阳能电池。

5.Engineers often analyze how substitutional impurities affect the mechanical strength of alloys.

工程师们常常分析替代杂质如何影响合金的机械强度。

作文

In the study of materials science, particularly in the field of semiconductors and alloys, the concept of substitutional impurity plays a crucial role. A substitutional impurity refers to an atom that replaces another atom in a crystal lattice structure. This phenomenon is significant because it can alter the physical and electronic properties of the material in which it occurs. For instance, when a small amount of a different element is introduced into a metal or semiconductor, it can affect conductivity, strength, and even color. To better understand the implications of substitutional impurity, consider the example of silicon, which is widely used in the electronics industry. Pure silicon has a diamond cubic crystal structure and is a semiconductor with limited conductivity. However, when phosphorus atoms are introduced as substitutional impurities, they take the place of some silicon atoms in the lattice. Phosphorus has five valence electrons, while silicon has four. The extra electron from each phosphorus atom becomes available for conduction, significantly increasing the electrical conductivity of the silicon. This process is called n-type doping and is fundamental in creating semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors.On the other hand, if we introduce boron, which has three valence electrons, as a substitutional impurity, it creates 'holes' in the silicon lattice. These holes can also contribute to conductivity, resulting in p-type doping. The combination of n-type and p-type semiconductors is essential for constructing various electronic components, including integrated circuits.The effects of substitutional impurity are not limited to semiconductors. In metallic alloys, the presence of substitutional impurities can drastically change mechanical properties such as hardness, ductility, and tensile strength. For example, adding carbon as a substitutional impurity in iron creates steel, which is significantly stronger than pure iron. The carbon atoms occupy spaces in the iron lattice, preventing dislocations from moving easily, thereby enhancing the material's strength.However, it is essential to control the concentration of substitutional impurities carefully. Too much of an impurity can lead to brittleness or other undesirable characteristics. Therefore, understanding the balance and interaction between the host material and the substitutional impurities is vital for material design and engineering.In conclusion, the concept of substitutional impurity is fundamental in materials science, influencing the properties and applications of various materials. From enhancing electrical conductivity in semiconductors to improving the strength of metals, substitutional impurities play a pivotal role in modern technology. As research continues, the ability to manipulate these impurities will likely lead to new advancements in materials engineering, contributing to innovations in electronics, construction, and beyond.

在材料科学的研究中，特别是在半导体和合金领域，替代杂质的概念起着至关重要的作用。替代杂质是指在晶体格子结构中取代其他原子的原子。这一现象具有重要意义，因为它可以改变材料的物理和电子特性。例如，当少量不同元素被引入金属或半导体中时，它可以影响导电性、强度甚至颜色。为了更好地理解替代杂质的影响，可以考虑硅的例子，硅广泛用于电子工业。纯硅具有钻石立方体晶体结构，是一种导电性有限的半导体。然而，当磷原子作为替代杂质被引入时，它们会在晶格中取代一些硅原子。磷有五个价电子，而硅有四个。每个磷原子多出的一个电子变得可用于导电，显著增加了硅的电导率。这个过程称为n型掺杂，是制造二极管和晶体管等半导体器件的基础。另一方面，如果我们将硼作为替代杂质引入，由于硼只有三个价电子，它会在硅晶格中形成“空穴”。这些空穴也可以为导电做出贡献，从而导致p型掺杂。n型和p型半导体的结合对于构建各种电子元件（包括集成电路）是必不可少的。替代杂质的影响不仅限于半导体。在金属合金中，替代杂质的存在可以大幅改变机械性能，如硬度、延展性和抗拉强度。例如，将碳作为替代杂质加入铁中会产生钢，其强度显著高于纯铁。碳原子占据铁晶格中的位置，阻止位错轻易移动，从而增强了材料的强度。然而，必须仔细控制替代杂质的浓度。过多的杂质可能导致脆性或其他不良特性。因此，了解宿主材料与替代杂质之间的平衡和相互作用对材料设计和工程至关重要。总之，替代杂质的概念在材料科学中是基础性的，影响着各种材料的特性和应用。从增强半导体的电导率到改善金属的强度，替代杂质在现代技术中发挥着关键作用。随着研究的不断深入，操控这些杂质的能力可能会导致材料工程的新进展，为电子、建筑等领域的创新做出贡献。