counterion

简明释义

英[ˈkaʊntərˌaɪən]美[ˈkaʊntəraɪən]

n. 平衡离子；相对离子，反离子

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.Salts usually dissociate in aqueoussolution and the therapeutic moiety is no longer associated with the counterion but is rather surrounded by solvent molecules and ions present in thesolution.

盐一般在水溶液里会分解，治疗片断不再与配对离子一起，而是被溶液中的溶剂分子和离子所围绕。

2.The relationship of the ground state, soliton and polaron excitations with the net-charges in doped polyacetylene chains and with the counterion potentials were studied.

在给定掺杂离子浓度下，研究了聚乙炔链的基态，孤子，极化子等非线性激发态与链上净电荷之间的关系。

3.Salts usually dissociate in aqueoussolution and the therapeutic moiety is no longer associated with the counterion but is rather surrounded by solvent molecules and ions present in thesolution.

盐一般在水溶液里会分解，治疗片断不再与配对离子一起，而是被溶液中的溶剂分子和离子所围绕。

4.The solubility of salts can often be influenced by the choice of counterion 对离子 used in the solution.

盐的溶解度通常会受到溶液中所用的对离子 counterion 选择的影响。

5.In ionic compounds, the presence of a counterion 对离子 helps to balance the charge of the primary ion.

在离子化合物中，对离子 counterion 的存在有助于平衡主要离子的电荷。

6.In drug delivery systems, counterions 对离子 are used to stabilize charged drug molecules.

在药物传递系统中，对离子 counterions 被用来稳定带电的药物分子。

7.The interaction between a polymer and its counterion 对离子 can affect the physical properties of the material.

聚合物与其对离子 counterion 之间的相互作用可以影响材料的物理特性。

8.In electrochemistry, the movement of counterions 对离子 is crucial for maintaining charge neutrality.

在电化学中，对离子 counterions 的移动对于维持电荷中性至关重要。

作文

In the realm of chemistry, the concept of counterion (反离子) plays a crucial role in understanding ionic compounds and their behavior in various solutions. A counterion is defined as an ion that accompanies an oppositely charged ion in a compound or solution. This relationship is essential for maintaining charge neutrality in ionic systems. For instance, when sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water, the sodium ions (Na+) are accompanied by chloride ions (Cl-), where Cl- acts as a counterion. The presence of counterions can significantly influence the properties of ionic compounds, including solubility, stability, and reactivity. In biological systems, counterions are vital for numerous processes such as enzyme activity, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. For example, in the human body, potassium ions (K+) and sodium ions (Na+) serve as counterions to maintain the electrochemical gradients across cell membranes, which are essential for cellular functions.Moreover, counterions are not only limited to simple salts but also extend to complex ions and coordination compounds. In coordination chemistry, metal ions often form complexes with ligands, and the counterions help to balance the overall charge of the complex. Take, for instance, the complex [Cu(NH3)4]SO4; here, sulfate (SO4^2-) acts as a counterion to the positively charged copper-ammonia complex.In materials science, the role of counterions becomes even more interesting. The development of advanced materials, such as conductive polymers and nanocomposites, often involves the incorporation of counterions to enhance electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. By carefully selecting counterions, researchers can tailor the performance of these materials for specific applications.Furthermore, the study of counterions extends into the field of pharmaceuticals where they can affect drug solubility and bioavailability. Many drugs are administered as salts, where the counterion can influence how well the drug is absorbed in the body. For instance, the choice of counterion in a drug formulation can determine whether it will dissolve in the acidic environment of the stomach or in the more neutral environment of the intestines.In conclusion, the significance of counterions (反离子) transcends mere definitions; they are integral to the understanding of various chemical, biological, and material processes. From maintaining charge balance in ionic compounds to influencing the properties of advanced materials and pharmaceuticals, counterions are essential players in the intricate dance of chemistry. As research continues to evolve, the exploration of counterions will undoubtedly lead to new discoveries and innovations across multiple scientific disciplines.

在化学领域，counterion（反离子）的概念在理解离子化合物及其在各种溶液中的行为方面发挥着至关重要的作用。Counterion被定义为伴随带有相反电荷的离子出现在化合物或溶液中的离子。这种关系对于维持离子系统的电荷中性至关重要。例如，当氯化钠（NaCl）溶解在水中时，钠离子（Na+）伴随着氯离子（Cl-），其中Cl-作为counterion。Counterion的存在可以显著影响离子化合物的性质，包括溶解度、稳定性和反应性。在生物系统中，counterion对许多过程至关重要，例如酶活性、神经冲动传导和肌肉收缩。例如，在人体内，钾离子（K+）和钠离子（Na+）作为counterions，以维持细胞膜的电化学梯度，这对细胞功能至关重要。此外，counterions不仅限于简单盐，还扩展到复杂离子和配位化合物。在配位化学中，金属离子通常与配体形成复合物，而counterions有助于平衡复合物的整体电荷。以复合物[Cu(NH3)4]SO4为例；在这里，硫酸根（SO4^2-）充当counterion，与带正电的铜氨复合物相配。在材料科学中，counterions的角色变得更加有趣。先进材料的发展，如导电聚合物和纳米复合材料，通常涉及加入counterions以增强电导率和机械性能。通过仔细选择counterions，研究人员可以针对特定应用定制这些材料的性能。此外，counterions的研究还扩展到制药领域，它们可以影响药物的溶解度和生物利用度。许多药物以盐的形式给药，其中counterion可以影响药物在体内的吸收。例如，药物制剂中counterion的选择可以决定它是在胃的酸性环境中溶解，还是在肠道的中性环境中溶解。总之，counterions（反离子）的重要性超越了简单的定义；它们是理解各种化学、生物和材料过程的核心。从维持离子化合物的电荷平衡到影响先进材料和药物的性质，counterions都是化学复杂舞蹈中的重要参与者。随着研究的不断发展，对counterions的探索无疑将导致多个科学领域的新发现和创新。