zemstvo

简明释义

英[ˈzemstvəʊ]美[ˈzjemstvər]

n. 地方自治组织

复 数 z e m s t v o s 或 z e m s t v a

英英释义

单词用法

同义词

反义词

例句

1.The local government decided to increase funding for the zemstvo 地方自治机构 to improve rural healthcare services.

地方政府决定增加对zemstvo 地方自治机构的资金支持，以改善农村医疗服务。

2.The zemstvo 地方自治机构 played a crucial role in the development of infrastructure in rural areas.

在农村地区基础设施的发展中，zemstvo 地方自治机构发挥了关键作用。

3.Many reforms in education were initiated by the zemstvo 地方自治机构 to improve literacy rates.

许多教育改革是由zemstvo 地方自治机构发起的，以提高识字率。

4.During the meeting, the representatives discussed how the zemstvo 地方自治机构 can better serve the community's needs.

在会议上，代表们讨论了zemstvo 地方自治机构如何更好地满足社区需求。

5.The zemstvo 地方自治机构 was established to provide local governance and address regional issues.

为了提供地方治理和解决区域问题，成立了zemstvo 地方自治机构。

作文

The term zemstvo refers to a form of local self-government that was established in the Russian Empire during the 19th century. This system was introduced by Tsar Alexander II in 1864 as part of his broader reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. The zemstvo was designed to provide a degree of autonomy to local regions, allowing them to address their own issues and manage local affairs more effectively. Each zemstvo was composed of elected representatives from the local population, which marked a significant shift towards participatory governance in a predominantly autocratic state.The origins of the zemstvo can be traced back to the need for improved administration in rural areas. Prior to its establishment, the Russian countryside was largely governed by appointed officials who often lacked a connection to the communities they served. The introduction of the zemstvo allowed for local problems, such as education, public health, and infrastructure, to be managed by those who were more familiar with the specific needs of their communities. This was a revolutionary concept at the time, as it empowered citizens to have a say in their governance.One of the most significant achievements of the zemstvo was its role in promoting education. Local assemblies were responsible for establishing schools and improving literacy rates among the population. In many cases, the zemstvo worked closely with local educators and community leaders to develop educational programs that catered to the unique cultural and social contexts of their regions. As a result, the zemstvo played a crucial role in advancing educational opportunities, particularly in rural areas where access to schooling had previously been limited.In addition to education, the zemstvo also focused on public health initiatives. Local governments were tasked with addressing health issues, organizing vaccination campaigns, and improving sanitation. The zemstvo made significant strides in reducing disease and improving overall health conditions within their jurisdictions. This focus on public health demonstrated the potential of local governance to enact meaningful change and improve the quality of life for citizens.However, the zemstvo was not without its challenges. Despite its successes, the system faced opposition from conservative factions within the government who viewed it as a threat to the central authority. Additionally, the zemstvo had limited powers and often relied on the support of the central government to implement its initiatives. This dependency sometimes hindered its effectiveness and led to frustrations among local leaders who sought greater autonomy.The legacy of the zemstvo is complex. While it provided a framework for local self-governance and contributed to social progress in Russia, it also highlighted the tensions between local and central authorities. The zemstvo system eventually declined in the early 20th century, but its influence can still be seen in contemporary discussions about local governance and civic engagement. Today, the concept of zemstvo serves as a reminder of the importance of local participation in governance and the potential benefits of empowering communities to take charge of their own affairs.In conclusion, the zemstvo represents an important chapter in Russian history, illustrating the challenges and possibilities of local governance. Its establishment marked a significant attempt to decentralize power and engage citizens in the political process, setting a precedent for future movements advocating for local autonomy and democratic participation. Understanding the zemstvo is essential for grasping the complexities of Russian governance and the ongoing quest for effective local administration.

“zemstvo”一词指的是在19世纪俄罗斯帝国建立的一种地方自治政府形式。这一制度是由亚历山大二世沙皇于1864年引入的，作为其更广泛的改革的一部分，旨在现代化俄罗斯。“zemstvo”旨在为地方地区提供一定程度的自主权，使它们能够更有效地解决自身问题和管理地方事务。每个“zemstvo”由当地人口选举产生的代表组成，这标志着在一个主要是专制国家中向参与治理的重要转变。“zemstvo”的起源可以追溯到对农村地区改善行政管理的需求。在其建立之前，俄罗斯乡村主要由任命的官员管理，这些官员通常缺乏与他们所服务社区的联系。“zemstvo”的引入使得地方问题，如教育、公共卫生和基础设施，能够由那些更熟悉其社区特定需求的人来管理。这在当时是一个革命性的概念，因为它赋予公民在治理中发言权。“zemstvo”最显著的成就是其在促进教育方面的作用。地方议会负责建立学校，提高人口的识字率。在许多情况下，“zemstvo”与当地教育工作者和社区领袖密切合作，制定适合其地区独特文化和社会背景的教育项目。因此，“zemstvo”在推动教育机会方面发挥了关键作用，特别是在以前上学机会有限的农村地区。除了教育之外，“zemstvo”还专注于公共卫生倡议。地方政府负责解决健康问题，组织疫苗接种活动，并改善卫生条件。“zemstvo”在减少疾病和改善其管辖区内的整体健康状况方面取得了显著进展。这种对公共卫生的关注表明地方治理在实施有意义的变化和改善公民生活质量方面的潜力。然而，“zemstvo”并非没有挑战。尽管取得了一些成功，该系统仍面临来自政府保守派的反对，他们将其视为对中央权威的威胁。此外，“zemstvo”的权力有限，通常依赖中央政府的支持来实施其倡议。这种依赖有时妨碍了其有效性，并导致地方领导人对寻求更大自治权的挫败感。“zemstvo”的遗产是复杂的。虽然它为地方自治提供了框架，并促进了俄罗斯的社会进步，但它也突显了地方与中央权力之间的紧张关系。“zemstvo”制度最终在20世纪初衰退，但其影响仍然可以在当代关于地方治理和公民参与的讨论中看到。如今，“zemstvo”的概念提醒我们地方参与治理的重要性，以及赋权社区掌控自身事务的潜在益处。总之，“zemstvo”代表了俄罗斯历史中的一个重要篇章，展示了地方治理的挑战和可能性。它的建立标志着分散权力和让公民参与政治过程的重要尝试，为未来倡导地方自治和民主参与的运动奠定了基础。理解“zemstvo”对于把握俄罗斯治理的复杂性以及对有效地方行政的持续追求至关重要。