excess burden

简明释义

超额负担,超额税负

英英释义

例句

1.To minimize the excess burden 过度负担 of regulations, the government is considering simplifying compliance requirements.

为了减少过度负担，政府正在考虑简化合规要求。

2.The new tax policy has created an excess burden 过度负担 on small businesses, making it difficult for them to thrive.

新的税收政策给小企业带来了一个过度负担，使它们难以生存。

3.Economic studies show that high tariffs can lead to an excess burden 过度负担 on consumers.

经济研究表明，高关税会对消费者造成过度负担。

4.The excess burden 过度负担 of student loans has become a pressing issue for many graduates.

学生贷款的过度负担已成为许多毕业生面临的紧迫问题。

5.Policymakers must address the excess burden 过度负担 on low-income families caused by rising living costs.

决策者必须解决因生活成本上升而对低收入家庭造成的过度负担。

作文

Understanding the concept of excess burden is crucial in the field of economics, particularly when analyzing the effects of taxation on consumer behavior and overall economic efficiency. The term excess burden refers to the economic loss that occurs when a tax distorts consumer choices, leading to a decrease in overall welfare. It is important to recognize that while taxes are necessary for funding government services, they can also create inefficiencies in the market. When a tax is imposed on a good or service, it typically leads to an increase in the price that consumers must pay. This price increase can cause consumers to reduce their consumption of that good or service, which in turn affects the market equilibrium. The reduction in consumption results in a loss of consumer surplus, which is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good and what they actually pay. This loss is what economists refer to as the excess burden. For example, consider a simple scenario where a tax is levied on sugary beverages. As the price of these beverages rises due to the tax, some consumers may choose to purchase less or switch to alternatives, such as water or unsweetened drinks. While this may have positive health implications, it also means that the tax has created a situation where the market is no longer operating at its most efficient level. The excess burden here is the loss of consumer welfare that arises from the distortion of their purchasing decisions.The excess burden can be quantified using the concept of deadweight loss, which illustrates the lost economic efficiency when the equilibrium outcome is not achievable or not achieved. Deadweight loss occurs because the tax prevents mutually beneficial transactions from taking place. In our sugary beverage example, if the tax discourages a consumer from buying a drink they value at $2 for a price of $1.50, the government collects revenue, but the consumer loses out on the enjoyment and utility derived from that drink. This loss contributes to the overall excess burden of the tax.Furthermore, the excess burden is not uniform across different income groups. Lower-income individuals may feel the impact of taxes more acutely, as they tend to spend a larger proportion of their income on essential goods. As a result, the excess burden can exacerbate existing inequalities within society. Policymakers must take this into account when designing tax systems, ensuring that they minimize the excess burden while still achieving necessary revenue goals.In conclusion, while taxes are essential for government operations, understanding the concept of excess burden is vital for creating a balanced economic policy. Policymakers should strive to design tax systems that minimize distortions in consumer behavior and reduce the excess burden on society. By doing so, they can ensure that the economy remains efficient and that the welfare of citizens is prioritized. Ultimately, the goal should be to strike a balance between generating revenue and maintaining a healthy, functioning economy that serves all members of society effectively.

理解超额负担的概念对于经济学领域至关重要，尤其是在分析税收对消费者行为和整体经济效率的影响时。超额负担一词指的是当税收扭曲了消费者选择，导致整体福利下降时所发生的经济损失。重要的是要认识到，虽然税收对于资助政府服务是必要的，但它们也可能在市场中造成低效。当对某种商品或服务征税时，通常会导致消费者必须支付的价格上涨。这一价格上涨可能导致消费者减少对该商品或服务的消费，从而影响市场均衡。消费的减少导致消费者剩余的损失，即消费者愿意为商品支付的价格与他们实际支付的价格之间的差额。经济学家称这种损失为超额负担。例如，考虑一个简单的场景，对含糖饮料征税。由于税收的原因，这些饮料的价格上涨，一些消费者可能会选择购买更少的饮料或转向替代品，例如水或无糖饮料。虽然这可能对健康产生积极影响，但这也意味着税收创造了一种市场不再以最有效的水平运作的情况。这里的超额负担是由于消费者购买决策的扭曲而导致的福利损失。超额负担可以通过死重损失的概念进行量化，死重损失展示了当均衡结果无法实现或未实现时，经济效率的损失。由于税收阻止了互利交易的发生，因此产生了死重损失。在我们的含糖饮料示例中，如果税收使得消费者不再购买他们价值2美元但实际价格为1.50美元的饮料，政府虽收取了税收，但消费者却失去了享受和从中获得的效用。这一损失使税收的总体超额负担增加。此外，超额负担在不同收入群体之间并不均匀。低收入者可能会更深切地感受到税收的影响，因为他们往往将更大比例的收入用于基本商品。因此，超额负担可能加剧社会内部的现有不平等。政策制定者在设计税制时必须考虑到这一点，确保在实现必要的收入目标时，尽量减少超额负担。总之，尽管税收对政府运作至关重要，但理解超额负担的概念对于创建平衡的经济政策至关重要。政策制定者应努力设计尽量减少消费者行为扭曲的税制，并减少社会的超额负担。通过这样做，他们可以确保经济保持高效，并优先考虑公民的福利。最终，目标应该是在产生收入和维持健康、有效服务于所有社会成员的经济之间取得平衡。