direct effect

简明释义

直接效应

英英释义

例句

1.Her decision to invest in renewable energy will have a direct effect on her company's sustainability efforts.

她决定投资可再生能源将对她公司的可持续发展努力产生直接影响。

2.The new marketing strategy had a direct effect on sales, increasing them by 30%.

新的营销策略对销售产生了直接影响，使其增长了30%。

3.The teacher's feedback had a direct effect on the students' performance in the next exam.

老师的反馈对学生在下一次考试中的表现产生了直接影响。

4.The weather conditions can have a direct effect on crop yields each season.

天气条件会对每个季节的农作物产量产生直接影响。

5.The new law had a direct effect on reducing pollution levels in the city.

新法律对减少城市污染水平产生了直接影响。

作文

The concept of direct effect is crucial in understanding the relationship between European Union (EU) law and the national laws of member states. It refers to the ability of individuals to invoke EU law directly before national courts, without the need for any additional implementing legislation by the member states. This principle ensures that EU law is effective and can be enforced uniformly across all member states, thereby promoting legal certainty and equality. The direct effect doctrine was established by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos in 1963. In this case, the court ruled that the provisions of the Treaty of Rome created rights for individuals that could be enforced in national courts. This ruling marked a significant shift in the relationship between EU law and national law, as it empowered individuals and ensured that they could rely on EU law to protect their rights.One of the most important aspects of direct effect is its distinction between vertical and horizontal effects. Vertical direct effect refers to the ability of individuals to invoke EU law against the state or public authorities. This means that if a member state fails to implement an EU directive or regulation, individuals can still rely on the provisions of that law in court. On the other hand, horizontal direct effect involves the application of EU law in disputes between private parties. While some EU regulations have been found to have horizontal direct effect, directives typically do not have this effect unless they are sufficiently clear, precise, and unconditional.The implications of direct effect are profound. It empowers citizens by allowing them to challenge national laws that are inconsistent with EU law, thus enhancing the rule of law within the EU. For example, if a national law discriminates against a citizen based on nationality, that individual can invoke the relevant EU law, which promotes non-discrimination and equal treatment. Furthermore, direct effect fosters a sense of European identity among citizens, as they can see themselves as part of a larger legal framework that transcends national boundaries.However, the principle of direct effect also raises questions about the sovereignty of member states. Some critics argue that it undermines national legal systems and can lead to conflicts between EU law and national law. Member states may feel that their legislative authority is being encroached upon, especially when EU law imposes obligations that conflict with national policy objectives. Nevertheless, the benefits of direct effect in promoting the uniform application of EU law and protecting individual rights often outweigh these concerns.In conclusion, the principle of direct effect plays a vital role in the functioning of the European Union. It enables individuals to assert their rights under EU law directly in national courts, thereby reinforcing the effectiveness of EU legislation. While it presents challenges to national sovereignty, the overall impact of direct effect has been to strengthen the legal framework of the EU and enhance the protection of individual rights across member states. As the EU continues to evolve, the relevance of direct effect will remain a key topic of discussion among legal scholars, policymakers, and citizens alike.

‘直接效力’的概念在理解欧盟（EU）法律与成员国国家法律之间的关系中至关重要。它指的是个人能够直接在国家法院引用欧盟法律，而无需成员国实施任何额外的立法。这一原则确保了欧盟法律的有效性，并能在所有成员国之间统一执行，从而促进法律的确定性和平等性。‘直接效力’原则由欧洲联盟法院（CJEU）在1963年的标志性案件Van Gend en Loos中确立。在这个案件中，法院裁定《罗马条约》的条款为个人创造了可以在国家法院执行的权利。这一裁决标志着欧盟法律与国家法律之间关系的重大转变，因为它赋予了个人权力，并确保他们可以依赖欧盟法律来保护自己的权利。‘直接效力’的一个重要方面是其对垂直效力和水平效力的区分。垂直‘直接效力’指的是个人可以在国家或公共当局面前引用欧盟法律的能力。这意味着如果成员国未能实施欧盟指令或法规，个人仍然可以在法庭上依赖该法律的条款。另一方面，水平‘直接效力’涉及到在私人之间的争议中适用欧盟法律。虽然一些欧盟法规被发现具有水平‘直接效力’，但指令通常没有这种效力，除非它们足够明确、具体和无条件。‘直接效力’的影响深远。它通过允许公民挑战与欧盟法律不一致的国家法律来赋权于公民，从而增强了欧盟内部的法治。例如，如果一项国家法律基于国籍歧视某一公民，该公民可以引用相关的欧盟法律，这促进了非歧视和平等待遇。此外，‘直接效力’在公民中培养了一种欧洲身份感，因为他们可以将自己视为超越国界的更大法律框架的一部分。然而，‘直接效力’原则也引发了关于成员国主权的问题。一些批评者认为，它削弱了国家法律体系，并可能导致欧盟法律与国家法律之间的冲突。成员国可能会觉得其立法权受到侵蚀，特别是当欧盟法律施加与国家政策目标相冲突的义务时。然而，‘直接效力’在促进欧盟法律的统一适用和保护个人权利方面的好处往往超过这些担忧。总之，‘直接效力’原则在欧盟的运作中发挥着至关重要的作用。它使个人能够直接在国家法院主张其在欧盟法律下的权利，从而增强了欧盟立法的有效性。尽管它对国家主权提出了挑战，但‘直接效力’的整体影响是加强了欧盟的法律框架并增强了对成员国个人权利的保护。随着欧盟的不断发展，‘直接效力’的相关性将继续成为法律学者、政策制定者和公民讨论的关键话题。