dipole moment

简明释义

偶极矩

英英释义

例句

1.In molecular chemistry, understanding the dipole moment of a compound can help predict its polarity.

在分子化学中，理解一个化合物的偶极矩可以帮助预测其极性。

2.Researchers often measure the dipole moment to determine the interaction strength between molecules.

研究人员通常测量偶极矩以确定分子间的相互作用强度。

3.The water molecule has a significant dipole moment due to its bent shape, which contributes to its solvent properties.

水分子由于其弯曲的形状具有显著的偶极矩，这有助于其溶剂特性。

4.The dipole moment of ammonia is higher than that of methane, making ammonia more polar.

氨的偶极矩高于甲烷，使得氨更具极性。

5.The dipole moment plays a crucial role in determining the boiling point of substances.

在决定物质的沸点时，偶极矩发挥着关键作用。

作文

The concept of the dipole moment plays a crucial role in understanding molecular interactions and behavior. In chemistry and physics, a dipole moment is defined as a measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a system. It is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction, indicating how much charge separation exists and in which direction it occurs. This property is particularly important when analyzing polar molecules, which have a significant dipole moment due to their uneven distribution of electrons. Polar molecules, such as water (H₂O), exhibit a strong dipole moment because of the difference in electronegativity between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Oxygen, being more electronegative, attracts the shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms. This charge separation creates a dipole moment, which is responsible for many of water's unique properties, such as its high boiling point and ability to dissolve various substances. In contrast, nonpolar molecules like methane (CH₄) have little to no dipole moment because their electron distribution is relatively even. The symmetry of the methane molecule means that any dipole moments created by individual bonds cancel each other out, resulting in a net dipole moment of zero. Understanding these differences is essential in fields such as biochemistry and environmental science, where the interaction of molecules can significantly impact biological processes and ecosystem dynamics. The dipole moment is quantitatively expressed in Debye units (D), where one Debye is approximately equal to 3.336 x 10⁻³⁰ coulomb-meters. The larger the dipole moment, the stronger the intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, that can occur. For instance, the high dipole moment of water leads to strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules, which are essential for regulating temperature in aquatic environments and supporting life. Moreover, the dipole moment also plays a vital role in spectroscopy, particularly in infrared spectroscopy, where it determines the ability of a molecule to absorb infrared radiation. Molecules with a permanent dipole moment can interact with electromagnetic radiation, leading to characteristic absorption peaks that provide insight into molecular structure and dynamics. This principle is utilized in various applications, including chemical analysis and material characterization. In summary, the dipole moment is a fundamental concept that aids in understanding the behavior of molecules and their interactions. Its significance extends beyond chemistry into various scientific disciplines, highlighting the interconnectedness of molecular properties and their implications in real-world phenomena. By mastering the concept of the dipole moment, students and researchers can better appreciate the complexities of molecular interactions and their effects on the environment and living organisms.

‘偶极矩’的概念在理解分子相互作用和行为方面起着至关重要的作用。在化学和物理学中，‘偶极矩’被定义为系统中正负电荷分离的度量。它是一个矢量量，具有大小和方向，指示电荷分离的程度及其发生的方向。这个特性在分析极性分子时尤为重要，因为这些分子由于电子分布的不均匀而具有显著的‘偶极矩’。极性分子，如水（H₂O），由于氧原子和氢原子之间的电负性差异而表现出强烈的‘偶极矩’。氧原子作为更具电负性的原子，比氢原子更强地吸引共享电子，从而导致氧原子带有部分负电荷，而氢原子带有部分正电荷。这种电荷分离产生了‘偶极矩’，它是水的许多独特性质的根源，例如其高沸点和溶解各种物质的能力。相反，像甲烷（CH₄）这样的非极性分子几乎没有‘偶极矩’，因为它们的电子分布相对均匀。甲烷分子的对称性意味着个别键所产生的任何偶极矩都会相互抵消，从而导致净偶极矩为零。理解这些差异在生物化学和环境科学等领域至关重要，因为分子间的相互作用可能会显著影响生物过程和生态系统动态。‘偶极矩’以德拜单位（D）定量表示，其中一个德拜大约等于3.336 x 10⁻³⁰库仑-米。‘偶极矩’越大，分子间的相互作用力（如氢键）就越强。例如，水的高‘偶极矩’导致水分子之间形成强氢键，这对于调节水生环境中的温度和支持生命至关重要。此外，‘偶极矩’在光谱学中也起着重要作用，特别是在红外光谱学中，它决定了分子吸收红外辐射的能力。具有永久‘偶极矩’的分子可以与电磁辐射相互作用，导致特征吸收峰，这些峰提供了有关分子结构和动态的深入见解。该原理被应用于化学分析和材料表征等多个领域。总之，‘偶极矩’是一个基本概念，有助于理解分子的行为及其相互作用。它的重要性超越了化学，延伸到各个科学学科，突显了分子特性及其在现实世界现象中的影响之间的相互联系。通过掌握‘偶极矩’的概念，学生和研究人员可以更好地欣赏分子相互作用的复杂性及其对环境和生物体的影响。