dark reaction

简明释义

暗反应

英英释义

例句

1.The efficiency of the dark reaction (暗反应) can be affected by temperature and pH levels.

温度和pH值会影响暗反应（暗反应）的效率。

2.Without the dark reaction (暗反应), plants would be unable to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

没有暗反应（暗反应），植物将无法将二氧化碳转化为葡萄糖。

3.During photosynthesis, the plant uses sunlight to drive the light reactions, while the subsequent processes occur in the dark reaction (暗反应).

在光合作用中，植物利用阳光驱动光反应，而随后的过程发生在暗反应（暗反应）中。

4.Scientists study the dark reaction (暗反应) to understand how plants adapt to different light conditions.

科学家研究暗反应（暗反应）以了解植物如何适应不同的光照条件。

5.The dark reaction (暗反应) occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts, where carbon fixation takes place.

在叶绿体的基质中发生暗反应（暗反应），在这里进行碳固定。

作文

Photosynthesis is a complex process that allows plants to convert sunlight into energy. This process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, commonly known as the dark reaction. Despite its name, the dark reaction does not necessarily occur in the absence of light; rather, it refers to the phase of photosynthesis that does not directly require light to proceed. Instead, it utilizes the products generated during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water.The first stage of photosynthesis involves the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll, which excites electrons and initiates a series of reactions that produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These molecules serve as energy carriers and reducing agents, respectively, and are essential for the subsequent dark reaction.During the dark reaction, specifically in a cycle known as the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is fixed into an organic molecule. This cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts, where the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. The Calvin cycle consists of three main phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).In the carbon fixation phase, CO2 is combined with RuBP, catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). This reaction produces a six-carbon compound that quickly splits into two three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). In the reduction phase, ATP and NADPH are utilized to convert 3-PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), another three-carbon sugar. Some G3P molecules are used to form glucose and other carbohydrates, while others are recycled to regenerate RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue.The importance of the dark reaction cannot be overstated. It plays a crucial role in the overall process of photosynthesis by providing the means for plants to produce glucose, which serves as an energy source for growth, reproduction, and cellular respiration. Additionally, the glucose produced can be stored as starch or converted into other organic compounds necessary for plant structure and function.In summary, the dark reaction is a vital component of photosynthesis that enables plants to utilize the energy captured from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates. Understanding this process helps us appreciate the intricate balance of life on Earth, as it forms the foundation of the food chain and contributes to the oxygen we breathe. Through the dark reaction, plants not only sustain themselves but also support countless organisms, including humans, by providing food and oxygen. Therefore, studying the dark reaction is essential for anyone interested in biology, ecology, or environmental science, as it highlights the interconnectedness of life and the importance of plants in sustaining our planet's ecosystems.

光合作用是一个复杂的过程，使植物能够将阳光转化为能量。这个过程分为两个主要阶段：光依赖反应和光独立反应，通常被称为暗反应。尽管它的名称中有“暗”字，但暗反应并不一定发生在没有光的环境中；相反，它指的是光合作用的一个阶段，该阶段不直接需要光来进行。它利用在光依赖反应中生成的产物，将二氧化碳和水合成葡萄糖。光合作用的第一阶段涉及叶绿素对光能的吸收，这激发电子并启动一系列反应，产生ATP（腺苷三磷酸）和NADPH（烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸）。这些分子作为能量载体和还原剂，是随后的暗反应所必需的。在暗反应期间，特别是在一个称为卡尔文循环的循环中，二氧化碳被固定到有机分子中。这个循环发生在叶绿体的基质中，光依赖反应中产生的ATP和NADPH被用于将二氧化碳转化为葡萄糖。卡尔文循环包括三个主要阶段：碳固定、还原和再生核酮糖二磷酸（RuBP）。在碳固定阶段，CO2与RuBP结合，由酶核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶/氧化酶（RuBisCO）催化。这个反应产生一个六碳化合物，迅速分裂成两个三碳分子，称为3-磷酸甘油酸（3-PGA）。在还原阶段，ATP和NADPH被用于将3-PGA转化为甘油醛-3-磷酸（G3P），另一种三碳糖。一些G3P分子用于形成葡萄糖和其他碳水化合物，而其他分子则被回收以再生RuBP，从而使循环得以继续。暗反应的重要性不容小觑。它在光合作用的整体过程中发挥着关键作用，通过提供植物生产葡萄糖的手段，葡萄糖作为植物生长、繁殖和细胞呼吸的能量来源。此外，生产的葡萄糖可以储存为淀粉或转化为植物结构和功能所需的其他有机化合物。总之，暗反应是光合作用的一个重要组成部分，使植物能够利用从阳光中捕获的能量合成碳水化合物。理解这个过程帮助我们欣赏地球上生命的微妙平衡，因为它构成了食物链的基础，并为我们呼吸的氧气做出了贡献。通过暗反应，植物不仅维持自身的生存，还通过提供食物和氧气支持无数生物，包括人类。因此，研究暗反应对于任何对生物学、生态学或环境科学感兴趣的人来说都是至关重要的，因为它突显了生命的相互联系以及植物在维持我们星球生态系统中的重要性。